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Good co‐op, bad co‐op: Financing cooperatives with debt and retained earnings under asymmetric information

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  • Julien Cadot
  • Arnaud Feral

Abstract

Cooperatives follow principles such as limits in trading shares and democratic control that supposedly imply financial constraints. In fact, these limits make banks their main external sources of financing and raise specific issues about financial structure. This study proposes a principal/agent model to understand better how information asymmetry affects retained earnings and debt. Our findings are consistent with observations of the financial trends of US agricultural cooperatives for the period 2010–2020: dairy cooperatives have been able to finance growth via debt but with a more than proportional increase in unallocated retained earnings compared to allocated equity. Our model shows that retained earnings are not necessarily due to financial rationing but can be a contractual tool that allows cooperatives to finance their growth with debt, despite their specific ownership structure. Les coopératives sont des organisations fondées sur des principes comme le contrôle démocratique et des restrictions sur les cessions de parts qui, selon une approche financière classique, sont supposées induire des contraintes financières. De fait, l’application de ces principes fait des banques la principale source externe de financement des coopératives, et implique des problématiques spécifiques de financement. Nous proposons ici un modèle principal/agent pour mieux comprendre comment l’asymétrie d’information impacte le financement par la dette et la mise en réserve du résultat. Nos résultats sont cohérents avec les tendances observées pour les coopératives agricoles US entre 2010 et 2020 : les coopératives laitières ont pu financer de la croissance par de la dette, mais avec une augmentation plus que proportionnelle des réserves par rapport à l’augmentation du capital social des coopérateurs (les coopératives américaines peuvent allouer une part du bénéfice à l’augmentation de la part de chaque membre, puis rembourser ce montant ultérieurement). Notre modèle montre que la mise en réserve ne doit pas nécessairement être associée à du rationnement de crédit mais qu’elle constitue un outil contractuel qui permet aux coopératives de financer leur croissance par la dette, et ce, en dépit des contraintes associées à leurs principes fondateurs.

Suggested Citation

  • Julien Cadot & Arnaud Feral, 2025. "Good co‐op, bad co‐op: Financing cooperatives with debt and retained earnings under asymmetric information," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 73(3), pages 274-291, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:canjag:v:73:y:2025:i:3:p:274-291
    DOI: 10.1111/cjag.70002
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