Cytokines: Role in Immune and Glucose Metabolic Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension in Nigeria

Cytokines are crucial for combating infections and for other immune responses, they can develop dysregulated and pathological in inflammation, trauma, sepsis, and hemorrhagic stroke. Cytokines are produced in response to invading pathogens to stimulate, recruit, and proliferate immune cellsincludes. They include interleukins, chemokines, interferons, tumor necrosis factors (TNF), colony-stimulating factors (CSF), lymphokines and monokines. This study is aim to determine the role of Cytokines in T2DM and hypertensive subjects among Nigeria population. This study involved 140 participants comprising 103 subjects representing the disease group, where 74 subjects (71.85%) were type 2 diabetes, 29 (28.16%) were type 2 diabetes with hypertension and 37 were control subjects. 57 (40.71%) were males and 83 (59.29%) were females of the age limit between 30 to 75 years. Enzymatic Spectrophotometry assay, and Boronate affinity method was adopted to determine FBS, lipid panels and glycated hemoglobin respectively. LDL-cholesterol and BMI was determined using calculations. This current study established that patients with type 2 diabetes, regardless of hypertension, had considerably higher LDL levels compared to the control groups. The result showed statistically significant means difference in FBS, TC and LDL. The pairwise comparison using Tukey Posthoc analysis showed that the level of the parameter was significantly higher in the DM and DM/HTN than the control group. LDL level in the control group (2.79±0.41) was considerably diminished than DM (3.36±0.55) and DM/HTN (3.39±0.72) groups. The average levels of IL-1β, IL-4, and TNFα were higher in the control group than the type 2 DM and T2DM/HTN groups, and were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The statistical model revealed that HbA1c and total cholesterol were independently associated with type 2 DM and T2DM/HTN groups. Indications has showed that systemic inflammatory response can stimulate atherosclerotic development. High lipid increase the risk of CVD morbidity and reduced cholesterol decreases CVD risk. Cytokines are fundamental actors in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease especially hypertension. Their roles are unified, considering their relationship can consequently offer valuable awareness into diagnosis, prevention, treatment and prognostic strategies.