Implementing Circular Economy Strategies in Municipal Waste Systems: A ReSOLVE Framework Analysis of UK Cities

The transition towards a circular economy (CE) has become increasingly important in addressing the environmental and resource challenges associated with conventional waste management systems. As major generators of municipal waste, cities play a critical role in implementing circular economy principles through policies, infrastructure, and community engagement initiatives. Despite growing interest in circular economy practices, limited research has examined how municipal waste systems in UK cities are applying these principles in practice. This study evaluates the implementation of circular economy strategies in the municipal waste systems of London, Bristol, Manchester, Glasgow, and Cardiff using the ReSOLVE framework, which comprises six action areas: Regenerate, Share, Optimise, Loop, Virtualise, and Exchange. A qualitative comparative case study approach was adopted, drawing on secondary data from policy documents, municipal reports, government publications, and peer-reviewed literature. The data were analysed thematically to assess the extent to which each city has incorporated circular economy principles into its waste management system. The findings reveal notable differences in circular economy implementation across the selected cities. The study highlights the importance of governance coordination, financial investment, digital innovation, and community engagement in advancing circular economy transitions at the municipal level. By applying the ReSOLVE framework to a comparative analysis of UK cities, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the opportunities and challenges associated with implementing circular economy strategies within urban waste management systems and provides practical insights for policymakers and local authorities seeking to strengthen circularity in the waste sector.