The Role of Agricultural Systems in Antimicrobial Proliferation: Insights from a One Health Framework

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health issue, exacerbated by globalization, population growth, and extensive agricultural practices. The application and overuse of antibiotics in agriculture have played a vital role in AMR development and spread in the environment. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) contributes significantly to the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) among pathogens, further complicating the problem of AMR proliferation. The intensive use of antibiotics in livestock farming and animal manure as soil fertilizer, are some of the important agricultural practices which introduce resistant bacteria and ARGs to the soil ecosystems. The application of poorly treated wastewater for irrigation is another significant source of AMR in soils. The use of inorganic pesticides, heavy metals and other chemicals contribute to the selective pressure that favors the emergence of resistant strains. The unabated spread of resistant microorganisms and their ARGs poses a serious threat to the public and environmental health due to their possible transfer into the human food chain via contaminated food crops and animal products. Attempts at mitigating the challenges of AMR in agricultural soil involve a One Health approach, considering the interconnection of human, animal and environmental health. It is vital to curtail the anthropogenic spread of AMR through agroecological measures, adequate wastewater treatment, and a more sustainable use of antibiotics in livestock production. In-depth knowledge of the intricacies of the factors contributing to AMR spread and persistence in soil is necessary to explicate appropriate intervention strategies. Thus, this review critically discusses the concept of sustainable farming practices, improved systems of regulation and international alignment towards combating AMR.