Design of Three-Dimensional Geogebra and Augmented Reality Applets for Visualising the Concept of Functions in STEM Learning of form Four Additional Mathematics

The concept of Functions in Additional Mathematics is abstract and difficult for students to visualise, particularly the subtopics of Composite Functions and Inverse Functions. This paper presents the design of three-dimensional GeoGebra and Augmented Reality (AR) applets developed to help students visualise the concept of Functions in STEM learning. The design was guided by the Quality of Technology Integration component of the STEM Education Quality Framework. GeoGebra was chosen for its dynamic, free, two and three dimensional rendering, while AR was added to overcome GeoGebra’s inability to display the real world camera view. The applets were integrated into four learning units based on temperature and heat contexts, namely temperature scales (Composite Functions), temperature conversion (Inverse Functions), and hypothermia and hyperthermia (Quadratic Functions). Each unit provides two components: a GeoGebra AR Activity for exploring function graphs in three dimensions, and a GeoGebra Applet for self-checking answers, together supporting constructivist and active learning. Accessing the AR activities requires a device supporting ARCore on Android or ARKit on iOS. Users without these devices can use the 2D applets and the GeoGebra web view instead. A companion evaluation of the module recorded high usability among Form Four students, and a quasi experimental study of learning outcomes is proposed as the next step. This paper contributes a technology integration design framework that can be adapted for other abstract mathematics topics