Environmental Protection Under Changing Climatic Conditions: A Global Perspective on Climate Resilience, Nature-Based Solutions, and Sustainable Environmental Governance

Climate change has emerged as one of the most critical environmental challenges of the twenty-first century, profoundly affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, natural resources, and human well-being. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, land-use changes, deforestation, industrialization, and unsustainable consumption patterns have accelerated global warming, resulting in increasing temperatures, altered precipitation regimes, sea-level rise, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem degradation. These changes threaten environmental sustainability and undermine progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This review examines environmental protection under changing climatic conditions through an integrated analysis of climate change impacts, ecosystem resilience, biodiversity conservation, environmental protection strategies, and sustainability-oriented governance frameworks. A systematic narrative review of peer-reviewed literature and international environmental reports published between 2015 and 2026 was conducted. The findings indicate that climate change functions as a threat multiplier that exacerbates existing environmental pressures while reducing ecosystem resilience and adaptive capacity. Nature-Based Solutions (NbS), ecosystem restoration, renewable energy transitions, climate-smart resource management, and emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Remote Sensing offer significant opportunities for enhancing environmental sustainability. However, successful implementation requires robust governance systems, climate finance, international cooperation, and integrated climate-biodiversity policies. The review concludes that environmental protection in the Anthropocene requires multidisciplinary and adaptive approaches capable of simultaneously addressing climate change, biodiversity loss, and sustainable development. Strengthening ecosystem resilience and promoting integrated environmental governance will be essential for ensuring long-term environmental sustainability and climate resilience.