Government–Corporate Partnerships in Sustainable Civic Infrastructure: Global and Indian Perspectives with a Sustainability Efficiency Index (SEI)

Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as indispensable instruments for delivering sustainable civic infrastructure amid rapid urbanization, climate change, and fiscal constraints. By mobilizing private capital, technology, and managerial expertise alongside public accountability, PPPs offer hybrid governance models capable of addressing complex urban challenges. This paper examines global and Indian PPP case studies, situates them within established theoretical frameworks, and introduces the Sustainability Efficiency Index (SEI)—a composite metric integrating environmental, social, and financial dimensions. The analysis demonstrates that while PPPs enhance efficiency, scale, and innovation, persistent challenges in governance, equity, and risk-sharing constrain their transformative potential. The SEI provides a novel evaluative framework for policymakers and practitioners, enabling evidence-based alignment of PPP outcomes with sustainability imperatives and guiding future investment decisions toward resilient urban futures.