The Impact of Autocratic Leadership on Employee Well-Being in Bangladeshi Non-Profit Humanitarian NGOs

This study looks at how autocratic leadership affects the well-being of employees in small humanitarian NGOs in Bangladesh. Based on interviews with 15 staff members, including project managers, supervisors, and field workers from various NGOs, the research finds that workers face long hours, unpaid salaries, and no clear balance between work and personal life because top leaders make decisions without talking to others. Employees described tough schedules, like working 15 to 16 hours a day without breaks, even during important events like Eid. They also had to do extra tasks without being asked. These conditions caused physical issues like body pain, malnutrition, and sunburn, and mental health problems like depression, anxiety, and even thoughts of suicide. The study also notes that many of these issues are made worse by a lack of funding and resources, which makes exploitation more common in small NGOs. The paper highlights a gap in existing literature, pointing out that not enough research focuses on leadership styles in developing countries like Bangladesh, where traditional cultural structures often support autocratic leadership. To address this, the study introduces the Supportive Leadership and Management (SLM) model. This model promotes a more inclusive and democratic work environment with set working hours, holidays, ongoing training, stable pay that isn't tied to donor funds, and systems for feedback and support. Thematic analysis of the interview data supports the idea that autocratic leadership harms well-being, while supportive leadership improves job satisfaction and productivity. The findings suggest that NGO leaders, policymakers, and donors should put employee well-being first to ensure long-term success. The SLM model can be useful beyond NGOs and in different organizations around the world. Future studies should include quantitative validation of the model and comparisons across different sectors. This research contributes to discussions about ethical leadership, especially in challenging environments, by promoting humane practices that help retain valuable workers and help reach important goals.