Ex-Slave Heritage and Enduring Divisions: The Intersection of Religious Freedom, Economic Hardships, and Socio-Political Dynamics in Post-Colonial Liberia

This study critically examines the complex legacies of Liberia’s founding as a settler colony for freed African-American slaves (1822–1847) and their enduring influence on contemporary religious, economic, and socio-political dynamics in the post-colonial state. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary methodology—combining historical archival analysis of 19th-century church records, colonial land deeds, and missionary correspondence with ethnographic fieldwork conducted across seven counties between 2023 and 2024 the research interrogates the ways in which Liberia’s settler-indigenous dichotomy continues to inform present-day inequalities and intercommunal tensions. Central to this inquiry is the analysis of how religious institutions, particularly Methodist and Baptist denominations, continue to exercise extensive control over land and resources through legal mechanisms originating in the so-called “Gospel Deeds†of the 19th century. These deeds have enabled Christian missions to retain ownership of vast portions of Liberia’s arable land, effectively entrenching a caste-like socio-economic order that marginalizes indigenous populations while privileging the Americo-Liberian elite and their ecclesiastical successors. The findings reveal three major patterns: (1) the instrumentalization of the discourse on “religious freedom†in contemporary policy—most notably under the 2024 Interfaith Harmony Act—as a means to delegitimize and suppress indigenous spiritual practices; (2) the appropriation of Islamic zakat principles by certain Lutheran-affiliated economic elites as theological justification for exploitative extractive industry contracts, particularly in mining regions inhabited by indigenous communities; and (3) the re-emergence of “neo-repatriate†evangelical movements led by African-American missionaries who challenge both the traditional spiritual heritage of local communities and the theological authority of older mission-founded churches. These phenomena illustrate the evolving tensions between imported and indigenous religious worldviews and underscore the economic dimensions of spiritual authority in post-war Liberia. The study concludes that the persistence of economic hardship, religious polarization, and political instability in Liberia can be traced to unresolved contradictions within its national mythos: a narrative that celebrates liberation and religious pluralism, yet is structurally undergirded by systems of exclusion, neocolonial religious capitalism, and settler privilege. The research contributes to broader discourses on post-colonial identity, the politicization of religion, and the intersection of faith and development in African contexts.