A Review on Modeling the Drying Kinetics of Agricultural Bio Materials and Wastes

Drying kinetics modeling is critical in optimizing drying processes for biomaterials and wastes, ensuring energy efficiency and product quality. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the major modeling approaches applied to drying kinetics, encompassing empirical, semi-theoretical, and theoretical models. Influencing factors such as moisture content, air velocity, temperature, and material structure are discussed. The review further examines modeling techniques specific to agricultural residues, food products, and animal wastes, highlighting the integration of traditional models with modern computational approaches, including artificial intelligence and computational fluid dynamics. Model selection criteria and current research gaps are analyzed, emphasizing the development of adaptive, material-specific models and the integration of real-time monitoring tools. The insights presented aim to guide future research and industrial applications in the valorization of organic wastes and sustainable drying system development.