Phytochemical Composition and Functional Characterization of Parkia Biglobosa, Moringa Oleifera, and Spondias Purpurea Seeds from Adamawa North Senatorial Zone, Nigeria

This study investigates the phytochemical composition and functional properties of Parkia biglobosa, Moringa oleifera, and Spondias purpurea seeds collected from Madagali, Michika and Mubi in Adamawa North Senatorial Zone of Adamawa State, Nigeria. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed significant antioxidant levels, particularly polyphenols and flavonoids, with Moringa oleifera exhibiting the highest antioxidant content. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identified key functional groups, such as hydroxyl and carbonyl, associated with bioactivity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed distinct morphological structures linked to functional attributes, suggesting potential for safe consumption. The seeds were further analyzed for bioactive compounds, dietary fiber, and antioxidant potential. Antioxidant activity, assessed via UV-Vis spectrophotometry and DPPH radical scavenging assays, demonstrated strong free radical scavenging abilities, particularly in Spondias purpurea. The study revealed that alkaloids were uniformly present (+) in all three seeds. Flavonoids were highest (+++) in Parkia biglobosa and Moringa oleifera, while Spondias purpurea had moderate (++) levels. Tannins were most abundant (+++) in Spondias purpurea compared to moderate (++) levels in the others. Saponins were abundant (+++) in Parkia biglobosa and Spondias purpurea, but lower (++) in Moringa oleifera. Terpenoids were moderate (++) in Parkia biglobosa and Spondias purpurea but high (+++) in Moringa oleifera. Glycosides were most abundant (+++) in Moringa oleifera and moderate (++) in others. Moringa oleifera had the highest IDF (93.76±3.44%), followed by Spondias purpurea (75.26±1.27%) and Parkia biglobosa (79.40±9.04%). Parkia biglobosa had the highest SDF (33.19±2.96%). The extracted IDF had greater WBC than crude seeds. IR spectra showed peaks at 3281.45, 2934, 1615, and 1030.90 cm⠻¹. Rutin ranged from 4.01–17.64 µg/g, while quercetin was 1.71–41.7 µg/g. These findings highlight the potential of these indigenous seeds as natural sources of antioxidants and dietary fiber, supporting their application in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements for improved health benefits.