The Impact of UPI Adoption on Financial Inclusion and Consumer Spending Behaviour in India

During the past decade, India has experienced a robust, dynamic and persistent growth in its digital payments, with the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) technology emerging as arguably as the most adopted retail payment method within the country. UPI enables instant, secured, and bank-linked transactions through mobile applications, thereby cutting transaction costs and cash dependency significantly. The UPI payment system was initially introduced before the pandemic era, even though its large-scale adoption and rapid integration into the routine economic activities accelerated during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The post pandemic era witnessed a fundamental shift in the way Indians make payments. The Restrictions on physical mobility, enhanced convenience, and rapid digitization at the merchant level all contributed to a significant upswing in contactless digital payments. UPI has become the preferred channel for small-value and high-frequency payments and larger transactions across households, businesses, and service providers. The rapid expansion has, hence, placed UPI at the center of not just a technological but an economic instrument which is defining the shape of financial inclusion and patterns of consumer spending. While transaction data amply chronicle the growth of UPI, its broader economic impact remains to be seriously investigated empirically. The question of how the growing adoption of UPI has enriched financial inclusion and reshaped consumer expenditure patterns in the post-pandemic period is thus an open area of scholarly inquiry.