Evaluating the Impact of Building Information Modelling (BIM) on Construction Waste Reduction: A Study in Kuching, Sarawak

Construction waste continues to be a serious global concern, placing pressure on natural resources, energy use, and landfill capacity. In many cases, this waste stems from issues like poor design, inefficient planning, and outdated procurement practices. This study was driven by the growing need to explore how modern digital tools particularly Building Information Modeling (BIM) can play a role in reducing waste on construction sites. Although BIM is widely recognised for its capabilities in 3D modelling, scheduling, and simulation, its actual impact on reducing construction waste in specific local contexts remains less understood. Focusing on construction projects in Kuching, Sarawak, the study set out to identify what factors most contribute to waste and how BIM can help address them. An online survey was distributed to industry professionals, and the responses were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Among five main factors examined environmental awareness, procurement procedures, document preparation, planning and management, and project design the analysis revealed that procurement procedures and project design had the strongest positive impact on improving cost estimates and building performance when supported by BIM. These findings highlight the potential of BIM not just as a design tool but as a practical solution to reduce waste and improve efficiency. This study offers useful insights for construction stakeholders aiming to adopt more sustainable and data-driven practices.