Digital Trade Barriers: Assessing Infrastructure Deficiencies, Security Risks, and Regulatory Challenges in West Africa’s Emerging E-Commerce Markets (Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea)

West Africa's e-commerce sector is expanding rapidly due to growing internet access, mobile adoption, and AfCFTA, yet remains constrained by infrastructure gaps, cybersecurity threats, and regulatory fragmentation. This pioneering mixed-methods study compares these barriers across six nations (Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea), integrating World Bank/ITU datasets with regulator interviews (n=12) and SME surveys (n=150). The analysis reveals severe urban-rural ICT disparities (>39 percentage points) limiting SME participation, Nigeria's disproportionate cybercrime burden (58% of regional losses, $500M annually), and costly regulatory misalignment (15-30% of revenues). These findings empirically validate van Dijk's (2020) digital divide theory and Williamson's (1981) transaction cost economics in West Africa's digital markets. Urgent interventions include targeted ICT investments to achieve 52% penetration thresholds, an ECOWAS Cybercrime Task Force (projected 22-28% fraud reduction), and AfCFTA protocol harmonization adopting Ghana's hybrid governance model ($140M annual compliance savings). These measures directly address implementation gaps in regional digital trade. The study calls for longitudinal tracking via a West African Digital Trade Index and AI-driven customs solutions to sustain progress. These evidence-based solutions balance immediate action with long-term innovation for inclusive digital growth.