Digital Transformation in Capital Markets: A Conceptual Framework Linking Fintech Innovation with Stock Exchange Sustainability and Share Valuation Efficiency

In this paper, a comprehensive conceptual model, which considers the relationship of digital transformation, financial technology (FinTech) innovation and the dual demands of sustainable stock exchange and share valuation efficiency, is presented. The study is based on a comprehensive review of the empirical evidence from across the globe, from the established capital markets in Europe, the fast-growing markets in Asia and the emerging markets in Africa, to determine the key technological and institutional pathways through which digital innovation is reshaping the architecture of the current capital markets. The framework covers three interrelated analytical areas: (i) the structural evolution of digital capital markets and key enabling technologies, such as blockchain, artificial intelligence and big data analytics; (ii) the power dynamics between the adoption of FinTech and corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance, green finance and sustainability outcomes; and (iii) the impact on share valuation efficiency, including the role of FinTech in making markets more liquid, increasing information asymmetry, enhancing the risk of crashes and influencing investor behaviour. During the review, efficiency improvements due to digital transformation are identified and the risks that emerge from informational concentration, algorithmic opacity and contextual heterogeneity in sustainability outcomes are highlighted. The main contribution of the framework is that it combines the various strands of theory and evidence that had previously been separated into a single coherent theoretical model that can be used in designing research and developing policy for digitally transforming capital markets.