From Policy to Practice: A Qualitative Exploration of Stakeholders’ Awareness and Experiences with the Implementation of the Zero-Tariff Executive Order on Critical Pharmaceutical Inputs

Introduction: To catalyse local manufacturing and reduce costs, Nigeria’s Zero-Tariff Executive Order for critical pharmaceutical inputs was promulgated as a strategic instrument to advance national medicines’ security. Whilst the policy is strategically positioned to deliver transformative benefits, empirical evidence on its early implementation and stakeholder experiences remains scarce. This study provides context specific insights into stakeholder awareness, experiences, and systemic constraints, offering evidence-based recommendations to ensure the policy delivers its intended national impact. Methods: A qualitative design was employed to elicit in-depth insights from selected stakeholders within pharma companies identified to benefit from the initiative. Semi-structured interviews explored critical thematic areas. The study cohort comprised industry representatives and other relevant experts in the manufacturing industry. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically to yield overarching themes and sub-themes, with trustworthiness ensured through triangulation and CASP checklist application. Results: The analysis revealed widespread awareness of the Order but highlighted the need for robust communication for experts who are unaware. Participants also indicated access to modest cost relief where exemptions were processed efficiently, whilst many eligible actors did not operationalise benefits. With regard to barriers, three key themes emerged from this study. These comprised regulatory and customs barriers, financial and economic pressures, and policy timeline and scope limitations. Stakeholders also put forward actionable recommendations, including extending the Order’s duration, periodically reviewing the exempted product list, harmonising HS codes, reforming customs and regulatory processes with transparent protocols, and establishing a multi-agency taskforce, among others. Conclusion: In conclusion, urgent operational reforms and supportive policy measures are required to convert policy intent into measurable gains for local manufacturing, affordability and access.