Emerging Nanoparticle Platforms for Precision Drug Delivery: Therapeutic Potential and Safety Challenges

The advancement of nanotechnology has transformed the landscape of drug delivery systems, providing promising answers to the limits of traditional medicinal techniques. Nanoparticles, with their unique physicochemical qualities such as large surface area, variable size, and varied surface modification capabilities, are effective carriers for targeted and controlled drug delivery. This review covers a wide range of nanoparticle systems used in drug administration, including polymeric, magnetic, protein-based, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Each class of nanoparticle is examined in terms of its structural properties, drug loading and release mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. Therapeutic nanoparticles are particularly important in oncology, where focused delivery improves efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. The utilisation of magnetic nanoparticles for externally guided drug delivery, as well as the development of smart nanoparticles that respond to specific physiological stimuli, are investigated. Furthermore, the study discusses the clinical and experimental applications of these nano-systems, as well as the issues associated with toxicity, scalability, and regulatory compliance. This article intends to provide insight into the potential of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems to transform the future of precision medicine by combining recent advances and present trends.