Salivary Biomarkers Today and their Role in Conservative Dentistry – A Review

Saliva has evolved from being considered a mere digestive fluid to a powerful diagnostic medium. Its rich composition of proteins, enzymes, hormones, DNA, RNA, and microorganisms has led researchers and clinicians to explore its potential as a tool for non-invasive diagnosis1. Salivary biomarkers which are specific molecules, indicate physiological or pathological conditions – are now being investigated for their applications in conservative dentistry, a branch that focuses on preserving natural tooth structure through prevention, diagnosis, and minimally invasive treatment2. As the burden of dental diseases like caries, pulpitis, and erosion continues to rise, especially in developing countries, early detection becomes paramount. Traditional diagnostic methods such as radiographs or tactile inspection often detect disease at a relatively advanced stage. In contrast, salivary diagnostics can identify subclinical changes, allowing clinicians to intervene before irreversible damage occurs. This paradigm shift from intervention to prevention aligns seamlessly with the philosophy of conservative dentistry.