Herbal Mosquito Repellent Dhoop: A Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Repellents

Diseases spread by mosquitoes are a significant health issue, especially in warm and humid areas around the world. Although synthetic repellents are effective, they can harm the environment and may pose health risks. This study explores the development and evaluation of an herbal mosquito-repellent dhoop (incense) incorporating Jatropha integerrima leaf extract along with traditional natural ingredients such as cow dung, clarified butter, and essential oils. The formulation process includes both maceration and ultrasonication extraction techniques, followed by preparation and testing of dhoop sticks in multiple formulations. The herbal dhoop was evaluated through phytochemical screening, physicochemical testing, antimicrobial activity, mosquito repellent efficacy, smoke toxicity, and safety assessments. Results indicated significant antimicrobial effects against E. coli, a high mosquito mortality rate, non-irritant smoke, and eco-friendly combustion with low smoke output. The study confirms that Jatropha-based herbal dhoop offers a promising, sustainable, and non-toxic alternative to synthetic mosquito repellents.