Data Privacy and Utility Trade-Off: An Efficient K-Anonymization Algorithm with Low Information Loss

Privacy Preserving Data Publishing (PPDP) remains a critical challenge in the era of large-scale data sharing, where the need to balance data utility and individual privacy is inherently conflicting. Among existing models, k-anonymity continues to be widely adopted due to its simplicity and interpretability; however, traditional k-anonymization algorithms suffer from key limitations, including distribution-agnostic partitioning and inadequate handling of outliers, which lead to excessive information loss and reduced data utility. This paper proposes RAYDEN, a novel hybrid k-anonymization algorithm that integrates distribution-aware VP-tree partitioning with Connectivity-based Outlier Factor (COF) detection to address these limitations. The algorithm employs Gower distance to support mixed-type datasets and introduces a statistically adaptive threshold for robust outlier identification. Unlike existing approaches, RAYDEN incorporates a recursive outlier recovery mechanism that re-partitions detected outliers, maximizing data retention before applying suppression as a last resort. Experimental evaluation on the UCI Adult dataset demonstrates that RAYDEN consistently outperforms compared algorithms across key utility metrics utilized in the study. The outlier recovery mechanism achieves a mean recovery rate exceeding 90% across all k values, substantially reducing suppression-related information loss compared to Mondrian with COF. While incurring higher computational cost, the algorithm achieves practical execution times and significantly improves the privacy–utility trade-off, particularly at commonly used k values. These results establish RAYDEN as a robust and effective framework for privacy-preserving data publishing in mixed-type datasets.