GIS-Based Spatial Analysis of River Setback Policy Violations and Flood Vulnerability Along River Ngadda in Maiduguri, Nigeria

This paper evaluates riparian buffer zone violations and examine its consequences on the building level building-level flood vulnerability along River Ngadda in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used to integrate high-resolution satellite images and building footprint data in order to determine structures in the river channel. The channel was digitized on full tank level and subdivided into five sections (A-E) in which graduated buffer zones of 10m, 20m and 30m which corresponding to Nigerian planning setback requirements-were generated. Spatial overlay analysis was used to measure encroachment extent and density along the river corridor, while building vulnerability was classified using distance-based proximity and summarized through a Vulnerability Index (VI, a weighted index of proportional exposure to flood risk). Spatial autocorrelation was used to determine patterns of clustering on a segment basis. Findings indicate a large encroachment of 3,065 buildings in the 30m buffer, of which 716 were in the most vulnerable 0-10m area. The VI values were 1.73-1.90 which showed moderate to high flood risk, and central urban segments were most vulnerable.