The national economies of the us, china and germany as systemic elements of world trade

The article carries out a trend analysis of the role of the national economies of the USA, China and Germany as the leading system-forming entities of world trade. It is substantiated that these three countries form the structure of global trade, set the direction of development of the international economy and have a decisive influence on the dynamics of foreign trade processes in the global dimension. The study is based on an analysis of the statistical indicators of exports and imports of these countries in 2019-2023, in particular, on the study of changes in the commodity structure of foreign trade by the level of product sophistication. It is found that China retains a leading position in world exports, especially due to the growing share of medium-tech products and the active development of the automotive industry. The United States, while remaining the world's main importer, is increasing its exports of high-tech products, which confirms its focus on the innovation and technology model of development. Germany steadily maintains its position as an export-oriented economy dominated by medium- and high-tech products, in particular, mechanical engineering and automotive. The paper describes changes in the structure of foreign trade of each country, identifies trends in diversification, adaptation to global challenges and transformation of foreign economic strategies. It is concluded that the United States, China and Germany are not only key exporters and importers, but also set the qualitative parameters of modern world trade. International export and import flows depend on the influence of geopolitical factors, economic processes in sales markets, changes in consumer preferences, etc. A clear trend is the growth of both demand and supply of medium- and high-tech commodity groups, the main suppliers of which are highly developed countries. The obtained results can be used to formulate an effective foreign economic policy and strategic planning of trade relations of other countries in the system of global competition.