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Embedding informality into sustainable development indices for Europe

Author

Listed:
  • Roberto Dell’Anno

    (Department of Economics and Statistics and CELPE, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy)

  • Adriana AnaMaria Davidescu

    (Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Romană Square 6, Romania and National Scientific Research Institute for Labour and Social Protection, Bucharest, Romania)

  • Eduard Mihai Manta

    (Doctoral School of Cybernetics and Statistics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romană Square 6, Bucharest, Romania)

Abstract

This paper proposes a new sustainable development index incorporating informality measures for 36 European countries from 2010 to 2022. This index is estimated via a combination of national accounting, macroestimates of informality, and survey data through partial least squares (PLS) regression, drawing on Eurostat, MIMIC method, and Eurobarometer data. The index is assessed within three specifications: a baseline using standard sustainable development indicators and two alternative specifications that include the informal economy and informal employment. The findings indicate that countries with larger informal economy tend to perform comparatively weaker in sustainable development metrics than those with smaller informal economy do, underscoring the importance of policies that address informality to achieve inclusive and comprehensive sustainable development.

Suggested Citation

  • Roberto Dell’Anno & Adriana AnaMaria Davidescu & Eduard Mihai Manta, 2025. "Embedding informality into sustainable development indices for Europe," Baltic Journal of Economics, Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies, vol. 25(1), pages 90-111.
    • Handle: RePEc:bic:journl:v:25:y:2025:i:1:p:90-111
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    File URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/1406099X.2025.2488719
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