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The effect of COVID-19 and the wage compensation measure on income-related gender disparities

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  • Merilen Laurimäe

    (School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Estonia; Praxis Centre for Policy Studies, Tartu, Estonia)

  • Tiiu Paas

    (School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia)

  • Alari Paulus

    (Bank of Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia)

Abstract

Many countries implemented wage compensation measures during the COVID-19 crisis to alleviate income losses and avoid employment reductions. We focus on the gender dimension of incomes in Estonia, which has been grappling with the highest gender wage gap in Europe, and investigate whether the crisis and related wage compensation may have worsened existing gender imbalances. Using detailed administrative datasets and EUROMOD microsimulation model, we show that the COVID-19 crisis had a significant negative effect on employment income for both men and women, but the wage compensation implemented in 2020 appeared to cushion these effects. Income losses were slightly higher for men, but the cushioning effect of the compensation was higher for women. Overall, income-related gender disparities did not change significantly during the crisis. Still, the wage compensation measure has contributed to preventing income-related gender disparities increasing further, particularly in the hotels and restaurants sector and wholesale and retail trade sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Merilen Laurimäe & Tiiu Paas & Alari Paulus, 2022. "The effect of COVID-19 and the wage compensation measure on income-related gender disparities," Baltic Journal of Economics, Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies, vol. 22(2), pages 146-166.
    • Handle: RePEc:bic:journl:v:22:y:2022:i:2:p:146-166
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    File URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/1406099X.2022.2149976
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    Cited by:

    1. Christl, Michael & De Poli, Silvia & Ivaškaitė-Tamošiūnė, Viginta, 2024. "The rising tide lifts all boats? Income support measures for employees and self-employed during the COVID-19 pandemic," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1509, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    2. Michael Christl & Silvia De Poli & Francesco Figari & Tine Hufkens & Chrysa Leventi & Andrea Papini & Alberto Tumino, 2024. "Monetary compensation schemes during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for household incomes, liquidity constraints and consumption across the EU," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 22(2), pages 411-431, June.

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