Drivers of Conflict in Kenya’s Frontier Counties

Purpose: The main goal of this study was to collect citizen voices on peace building, identifying challenges and enablers, and suggesting solutions for sustainable peace and development in the Frontier Counties Development Council (FCDC) in Kenya. Materials and Methods: This study utilized mixed qualitative research design, employing semi-structured radio questions shared through radio promotions, interactive radio programs discussing peace-building issues, and Short Messaging Service (SMS) on mobile phones. In collaboration with seven radio stations, the study engaged a total of 12,783 participants from the FCDC region. Qualitative data was organized into themes and analyzed using content analysis while quantitative data, descriptive statistics and inferential analysis were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 and Microsoft Excel. Findings: The study highlighted the major factors affecting peaceful coexistence among conflicting communities in the Frontier Counties. Disagreement over land use was identified as the most common source of conflict, followed by competition for scarce resources, political divisions, challenging economic conditions, unfair distribution of resources, livestock rustling, banditry, election-related violence, and cross-border tensions. Poor leadership, marked by political incitement, abuse of power, support for criminal activities, protecting offenders, and corruption, has also exacerbated insecurity in most of the FCDC Counties. Proposed solutions included community dialogue, mediation, intermarriages, collaboration with stakeholders, and ensuring inclusivity to foster peace and reduce conflicts. Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Resolving conflicts in the Frontier Counties requires creating and enforcing flexible guidelines for community dialogue and mediation. To reduce the likelihood of future conflicts and retaliation the study recommended activities geared towards reducing bias and prejudice against tribal profiling. Additionally, strengthening cross-communal civic education, co-creating locally owned peace building initiatives and addressing leadership reforms would significantly enhance tolerance and enhance security in the region.