Relationship between Air Pollution Exposure and Respiratory Health in Urban and Rural Populations

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between air pollution exposure and respiratory health in urban and rural populations. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed significant associations between increased air pollution levels and adverse respiratory outcomes. Urban areas typically experience higher levels of air pollution due to various sources such as vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and urbanization. Research has consistently demonstrated that individuals residing in urban areas with elevated levels of air pollutants like particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) are at an increased risk of developing respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory infections. Furthermore, studies have shown that rural populations, although generally exposed to lower levels of air pollution compared to urban dwellers, are not immune to its effects on respiratory health. Agricultural activities, biomass burning, and long-range transport of pollutants from urban areas contribute to air pollution in rural regions. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Environmental justice theory, exposure-response theory and biological pathways theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the relationship between air pollution exposure and respiratory health in urban and rural populations. There is a need for the development and implementation of innovative methodologies for assessing air pollution exposure and respiratory health outcomes, particularly in diverse geographical settings. Findings from research should inform evidence-based policies and interventions aimed at reducing air pollution levels and mitigating respiratory health risks in both urban and rural areas.