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US regulatory incentives for equity financing ? The essential role of public pension plans
[Quelles incitations réglementaires au financement par fonds propres aux États-Unis ? Le rôle essentiel des fonds de pension publics]

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  • Riad Benahmed

Abstract

The US economic model based on equity financing contrasts with the European model which relies predominantly on debt financing; at the end of 2024, in the United States, corporate equity amounted to over 210% of gross domestic product, compared with around 90% in Europe. Since the 1980s, US pension funds, which manage part of the country’s pension system on a capitalisation basis, have played an essential role in providing firms with equity capital. This article describes the rules that have encouraged state and local government pension plans to invest in equity, and especially in firms in the early stages of development (venture capital) and not listed on the stock market (private equity). Le modèle américain de financement de l’économie par fonds propres contraste avec la prépondérance du financement par dette en Europe : à fin 2024, les fonds propres des entreprises pesaient plus de 210 % du produit intérieur brut aux États Unis, contre environ 90 % en Europe. Depuis les années 1980, les fonds de pension, qui gèrent une partie en capitalisation du système de retraite états unien, jouent un rôle essentiel pour apporter des fonds propres aux entreprises. Cet article décrit les règles qui ont encouragé les fonds de pension publics des États et des collectivités locales à investir en fonds propres dans des entreprises, en particulier celles d’entre elles qui sont au début de leur développement (capital-risque) et ne sont pas cotées en bourse (capital-investissement).

Suggested Citation

  • Riad Benahmed, 2025. "US regulatory incentives for equity financing ? The essential role of public pension plans [Quelles incitations réglementaires au financement par fonds propres aux États-Unis ? Le rôle essentiel de," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 260.
  • Handle: RePEc:bfr:bullbf:2025:260:03
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