The Impact of U.S.–China Strategic Competition in the Mekong Sub-region on Vietnam’s National Interests

Purpose: This article aims to examine the strategic competition between the United States and China in the Mekong subregion from 2009 to 2024, focusing specifically on its implications for Vietnam. Methodology: As the largest downstream nation in the Mekong River basin, Vietnam is uniquely positioned as both highly vulnerable to upstream actions and influential within regional diplomacy. The analysis employs a multi-dimensional analytical framework to assess contrasting strategies by the U.S. and China. It examines institutional engagement, infrastructure investment, and environmental diplomacy, focusing specifically on mechanisms such as the Mekong–U.S. Partnership and Lancang–Mekong Cooperation. Findings: The study finds that the United States has emphasized transparency, multilateralism, and sustainable development through initiatives like the Mekong–U.S. Partnership. In contrast, China has strategically projected influence through the Lancang–Mekong Cooperation, primarily by using dam construction, concessional loans, and strategic political communication. Vietnam, navigating this competition, has effectively leveraged both frameworks to advance its national interests but continues to confront critical challenges regarding water security, institutional coordination, and maintaining geopolitical equilibrium. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The article recommends that Vietnam pursue strategic policies aimed at enhancing its autonomy, bolstering environmental resilience, and strengthening its regional leadership role. These include proactive diplomatic engagement, improved institutional coherence, and careful balancing of relationships with both major powers.