Prevalence and Types of Birth Defects in Equatorial Guinea: A Retrospective Study

Background: Newborn birth defects represent a significant and persistent public health burden in Equatorial Guinea; however, comprehensive epidemiological data characterizing their prevalence and distribution remain scarce. This study aimed to systematically investigate the types and prevalence of birth defects among newborns in the Bata region, thereby providing an evidence base for the development of targeted public health interventions and serving as a reference for regions with comparable geographical and socioeconomic conditions worldwide. Methods: A comprehensive retrospective analysis was conducted on all deliveries recorded in the Bata region over a five-year period from 2019 to 2023. A total of 25,271 deliveries, including both live births and stillbirths, were included. Detailed medical records were reviewed to identify and classify birth defects by organ system and specific diagnosis. Results: The overall prevalence of birth defects was approximately 27 per 1,000 newborns. Among the 682 identified cases, neurological defects were the most prevalent category, accounting for 67.3% of all cases, followed by digestive system defects at 14.2% and musculoskeletal defects at 11.7%. Within neurological defects, anencephaly and congenital hydrocephalus were the most frequently observed, representing 36.6% and 35.1% of cases, respectively. Congenital umbilical hernia was the most common digestive defect at 54.7%. Urogenital system defects and chromosomal abnormalities were the least prevalent, comprising 1.9% and 1.7% of cases, respectively. No significant sex-based disparity was observed, and the majority of affected mothers were under 35 years of age. Conclusions: This study provides current epidemiological data on birth defects in the Bata region of Equatorial Guinea, underscoring the urgent need for strengthened prenatal monitoring, enhanced obstetric care, and improved pediatric medical services in the area.