Cultural Differences and Digital Transformation Strategies: An Economic Analysis of Chinese and Spanish Enterprises - Based on Literature Review

Against the background of the deepening development of the global digital economy, cultural differences and institutional environments have increasingly become key factors influencing enterprises' choices of digital transformation strategies. Taking China's Haier Group and Spain's Inditex Group (the parent company of Zara) as primary comparative cases, this paper systematically explores the impacts of macro moderating variables-such as cultural dimensions, government intervention, and regional digital development levels-on enterprises' digital transformation paths and overall performance from the perspective of economic analysis. To ensure a robust empirical foundation, comprehensive data were collected from authoritative channels, including the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology (CAICT), the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) of Spain, and the European Commission's Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) reports. The study finds that the digital transformation of Chinese enterprises is predominantly characterized by policy-driven initiatives, ecosystem-based collaboration, and collective innovation. In contrast, Spanish enterprises tend to be highly market-oriented, efficiency-prioritized, and focused on individual empowerment. Ultimately, this review demonstrates that cultural differences and institutional constraints jointly shape the strategic logic and economic effects of enterprise digital transformation. By elucidating these divergent paradigms, this research provides valuable practical references and strategic frameworks for the cross-cultural digital layout of multinational enterprises seeking to optimize their global operations.