Research on Hygrothermal Environment Adaptability of Passive Buildings in Cold Regions during Severe Winters: Multi-parameter Optimization Based on Field Measurement and Simulation

Against the backdrop of escalating global energy consumption and increasingly stringent environmental regulations, building energy efficiency has emerged as a critical pathway for sustainable development. In cold regions, severe winter conditions lead to substantial heating demands, while the insufficient thermal performance of conventional buildings results in significant energy waste. Passive buildings offer a solution to these challenges through scientific design and the application of high-performance materials. This study focuses on the hygrothermal environment adaptability of passive buildings during severe winters in cold regions. Adopting a methodology that integrates field measurements with numerical simulations, the research conducts empirical studies on traditional dwellings in Hailar and university classrooms. A multi-software collaborative simulation model is constructed to perform multi-parameter optimization, targeting thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and economic feasibility. Research findings indicate that the thermal inertia of the passive building envelope effectively delays temperature transmission, ensuring a stable and comfortable indoor hygrothermal environment. Through the synergistic optimization of the envelope's thermal performance and ventilation strategies, the amplitude of indoor temperature fluctuations can be reduced and the uniformity of humidity distribution improved, thereby enhancing environmental adaptability during severe winters. Based on these insights, strategies such as multi-layer composite insulation systems, dynamic ventilation regulation, and the collaborative optimization of building envelope parameters are proposed to provide theoretical and technical support for relevant designs. Future research could further expand the research scale, enhance simulation accuracy, and explore the potential of building morphology to promote the transition of passive buildings toward a "human-building-environment" collaborative paradigm.