Management limitations of closed architectures of automated process control systems in the digital transformation of industrial enterprises operating critical information infrastructure

The article examines the problem of managerial limitations caused by closed architectures of automated process control systems in the digital transformation of industrial enterprises operating critical information infrastructure. It is argued that modern automated process control systems should be considered not only as engineering systems for technological process control, but also as elements of the enterprise production and management circuit, providing data collection, monitoring, control actions and an information basis for managerial decision–making. The article shows that closed APCS architecture limits an enterprise’s ability to implement digital transformation due to vendor dependence, closed interfaces, low compatibility of components, high costs of system changes, difficulties in integration with corporate information systems and barriers to import substitution. The methodological basis of the study includes systemic, process, comparative and classification approaches. The scientific novelty of the article lies in clarifying the content of closed APCS architecture as a managerial barrier to digital transformation and in developing a classification of its limitations into five groups: architectural and technological, economic, organizational and managerial, integration–related, and regulatory–risk limitations. It is concluded that for enterprises operating critical information infrastructure, closed APCS architecture is of particular importance, since its limitations affect not only economic efficiency, but also the stability of critical processes, technological independence and the security of information interaction. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the proposed classification to justify the transition to more flexible, interoperable and open architectural solutions.