Medicion de la capacidad de pesca de la flota de voraz del Estrecho de Gibralta: enfoques parametricos y no parametricos

la alta rentabilidad y movilidad de los buques inscritos en el Censo de Flota Operative artesanal provoco una expansion significative de la flota que faena en aguas del Estrecho de Gibraltar durante el periodo 1983-1995. Era evidente en 1998 que la pesqueria de voraz estaba siendo sobreexplotada. Este hecho motivo la elaboracion y aplicacion de dos planes de recuperacion en los periodos 1999-2002 y 2003-2005 tendentes a garantizar la sostenibilidad bioeconomica de la pesqueria y reducir la sobrecapacidad de la flota que la explota. Este articulo tiene como objeto evaluar el efecto sobre la capacidad de pesca del primer plan de recuperacion usando las tecnicas Pico a Pico, Analisis Envolvente de Datos y Analisis de Fronteras Estocasticas. Los resultados de esta la flota reduciendo su capacidad de pesca, pese a que a principios del segundo la necesidad de introducir medidas de gestion que modifiquen los incentivos economicos de los pescadores a maximizar su captura individualmente, especialemnte aquellos que progresen mas en la implicacion de los pescadores en la gestion de la pesqueria...High profitability, vessel mobility and open access resulted in an increase in total harvesting capacity in the red seabream fishery during the period 1983-1998. In 1998 it was evident that the fishery was overexploited and two recovery plans aimed at sustainability and reducing overcapacity of the fishery were implemented in periods 1999-2002 and 2003-2005. The first recovery plan introduced a limited license program to restrict access to the fishery, fishing gear restrictions, a cap on the number of fishing trips, incentives to leave fishing employment, and a size limitation on fish caugth, An advisory board was formed, composed of fishermen and other interest groups. The second recovery plan imposed a Total Allowable Catch per year. This paper investigates the effects of the first recovery plan on fishing capacity and estimates overcapacity and capacity utilization are determined by Peak to Peak , Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis techniques. The Peak to Peak technique is based on the identification of peaks using historical information of the fishery and assuming that capacity is completely used in peaks periods. Peak to Peak is an appropriate technique only when data is limited. Fare et al, developed a two-stage procedure based on the efficiency and productivity analysis non-parametric technique Date Envelopment Analysis to calculate production capacity and capacity utilization that was first applied to fisheries. This procedure imposes full utilization of variable productive inputs in a standard DEA linear problem to determine fishing capacity and observed capacity utilization in a first stage. A standard DEA linear program is run in a second stage to determine efficient capacity utilization. Stochastic Frontier Analysis is parametric technique of the efficiency and productivity analysis. Two procedures have been used in the paper to measure fishing capacity and capacity utilization. The first procedure estimates an SFA model without restricting variable inputs in a first stage to determine fishing capacity and observed capacity utilization. A standard SFA model is estimated to obtain efficient capacity utilization in a second stage. The second procedure determines the ratio of utilization of variable inputs using a DEA linear program, where full utilization of variable inputs is imposed. In a second stage, a standard SFA model is estimated and evaluated to determine fishing capacity and observed and efficient capacity utilization using the ratio of utilization of variable inputs calculated from the DEA first stage. The results from the three techniques are compared. Results suggest that management measures applied in the fishery at the end of 1998 have had a positive effect on the objective of reducing fishing capacity of this fleet. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that management measures implemented in the fishery may not have a significant effect on reducing fishing capacity in the long term. It is necessary to introduce measures that change the incentives of fishermen and to make further progress involving fisherman in the management of the resource.