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Behavior Of Heavy Metals In The Soil-Plant System

Author

Listed:
  • Fodor, László
  • Szegedi, László

Abstract

Relationships between heavy metals, soils and plants may be studied in objective manner in field conditions. A long-term field experiment was set up with some microelements at Károly Róbert College on a slightly acidic clay soil. Four levels (0, 30, 90 and 270 hg element*ha-1) of microelements were added to plots separately at initiation. Different crops (winter wheat, maize and sunflower) were grown each year. In addition to yield evaluation, soil tests and plant analyses were completed yearly. In the first year of the experiment nearly the total amount of applied elements could be detected in the ploughed layer in mobile form. Two years later only about one-third of the applied elements were traced in available forms. With time there was a fixation of these elements in less mobile/soluble forms and they stayed mainly in the cultivated soil layer. Cd remains mobile in the soil-plant system for a long time. It accumulated both in the vegetative and generative parts of plants with no observed symptoms of toxicity and yield loss. Pb can enter both the vegetative and generative plant organs, however its accumulation cannot be increased with increasing Pb loads of the soil. Pb has low mobility in the soil-plant system. Hg and As cannot translocate into the grain even their extremely high concentration in the soil. Grain, as a generative organ, proved to be resistant tot these micropollutants. The non-essential elements Cd, Cr and Pb can translocate into the grain, so they can pollute the food chain. -------------------------------------------------------- A nehézfém-talaj-növény kapcsolat-rendszer egzakt szabadföldi kísérletekben tanulmányozható megbízhatóan. A Károly Róbert Főiskolán szabadföldi nehézfém-terhelési tartamkísérletet állítottunk be gyengén savanyú agyag talajon, 8 mikroelemmel négy terhelési szinten (0/30, 90 és 270 kg elem/ha). A parcellákon minden évben más-más jelzőnövényt termesztettünk (őszi búza, kukorica, napraforgó). A termés mérése mellett évente talaj- és növényvizsgálatokat végeztünk. A kísérlet első évében a kiszórt elemek csaknem teljes mennyisége mobilis formában volt kimutatható a szántott rétegben. Két évvel később már csak kb. kétharmad részük volt kimutatható felvehető formában. Idővel az elemek oldhatósága/felvehetősége csökkent és a művelt talajrétegben maradtak. A Cd hosszú ideig megtartotta mozgékonyságát a talaj-növény rendszerben. Dúsulása a vegetatív és generatív növényi részekben is megfigyelhető volt fitotoxikus tünetek és termés csökkenés nélkül. Az Pb beépült a vegetatív és a generatív növényi részekbe, de talajterhelés hatására dúsulása nem volt igazolható. Csak kis mértékben mozgékony a talaj-növény rendszerben. Az As és a Hg még extrém magas talajterhelés esetén sem épült be a szemtermésbe. A szem, mint generatív szerv genetikailag védett e szennyezőkkel szemben. A növény számára nem esszenciális elemek közül a Cd, Cr és az Pb bekerültek a szemtermésbe, és így terhelhetik a táplálékláncot.

Suggested Citation

  • Fodor, László & Szegedi, László, 2015. "Behavior Of Heavy Metals In The Soil-Plant System," Journal of Central European Green Innovation, Karoly Robert University College, vol. 3(1), pages 1-9.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:hukrgr:199421
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.199421
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