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Az agrárkülkereskedelem kérdései

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  • Szabó, Jenő

Abstract

Míg a 2017-es év rekordnagyságrendű, 9 milliárd euró közelébe jutó agrárexportot hozott, addig a 2018-as év, főként a termelési alapok tekintetében – más kondíciók mentén ugyan, de – némiképp szerényebb kilátások mentén indult. Míg az év elején stagnálni látszott az élelmiszer-gazdasági kivitel, ami a rekordbázisszint árnyékában bizakodásra adott okot, addig az év közepe felé egyre nyilvánvalóbbá vált, hogy az árualaphiány miatt drasztikusan visszaeső gabonaexport behozhatatlan nagyságrendet elérve, éves szinten is visszavetheti az összteljesítményt. Jóllehet a visszaesés összességében nem bizonyult túlzottan jelentősnek, hiszen alig haladta meg hét hónap átlagában a 2%-ot, de a prosperáló (főként feldolgozott termékek) és a visszaeső exportú, leginkább feldolgozatlan vagy alacsony feldolgozottságú termékek egyenlegeként kialakult, negatívba fordult évközi eredmény, még javuló gabonapiaci árak mellett is negatívan hat az éves exportteljesítményre. Mindeközben a kivitel szerkezete persze javult, hiszen az exportszerkezeti változások a feldolgozott termékek térnyerését hozva a kivitel hozzáadottérték-tartalmát növelte, ami akár kedvezőnek is lenne tekinthető, mégsem állítható, hogy a kiviteli szerkezetünk javulásának ilyen megoldására vágytunk. A feldolgozatlan mezőgazdasági termékek exportunkon belüli relatív visszaszorulása és a feldolgozott termékek térnyerése amellett, hogy az évek óta bemerevedett kínálati struktúránk lazulásához vezetett, jelentős külpiaci átrendeződések előszelét keltve megbolygatta a fő külpiaci sorrendet is. Legjelentősebb felvevőpiacaink exportunkon belüli jelentősége ugyanis halványodott, a korábban prosperáló piacok lendülete megtört. Ha részleteit tekintve egy rövid cikk keretében nem is kerülhet sor a teljes körkép részletes felvázolására, kiragadott példákon keresztül érzékeltethető a változások iránya, súlya és hatása az élelmiszer-gazdasági export jövőjére. Kibontva némiképp a részleteket, vegyük sorra az előttünk zajló folyamatokat. ----------- Our export structure began to show a spectacular improvement in 2018, after the export of unprocessed agricultural products, the grain exports dropped drastically. With the spread of processed products, the added value of the Hungarian agricultural exports has grown, so an important agricultural policy goal seems to be achieved. However, we do not want such an artificial improvement. We do not find any Hungarian food on the shelves of our Western European partners. The phenomenon suggests that, at the level of processed products, the majority of our external market supply is still provide by lowgrade intermediate products. The change in the supply structure affects the order of the external market, weaken our traditional markets, position in the export order and give the opportunity to other markets. This weakening of the position is also noticeable in the case of the German market, which is our most important agricultural market. Our export to the German market, which has been expanding for decades, started to shrink (in quarter I-III of 2018), mainly due to this drastic decline in grain exports and some oily seed products. Due to that fact, it would be worth examining more closely the internal relations of the German market. Of the four sections, only the fourth, namely food preparations, beverages, tobacco products, is considered to be our leading German foreign market. Examining the exports and imports, we can see that the import position of the German market is much stronger than the Hungarian agricultural export to Germany. The German suppliers are the leading source of imports in three sections, while the Hungarian agricultural export appears only in Section IV in the German market. However, we can conclude from the collision between the Hungarian agricultural export to German market and the import of the food from there, that in many cases product groups with the same product code change hands. The only difference is that the average price of the German market import product group is significantly higher than the average price of Hungarian agricultural exports. In Germany, the tourists do not feel that Hungarian processed food products are over-represented on the shelves of German grocery stores, although this is the most frequent market for our exports. The question arises: where is the relatively large quantity of Hungarian exports, and in what form is the Hungarian food represent in the German market? As the structure and magnitude of our German market exports and imports show significant overlaps, it would be worth examining which Hungarian agricultural export products are used as raw material for the higher value added German products that are imported to Hungary.

Suggested Citation

  • Szabó, Jenő, 2019. "Az agrárkülkereskedelem kérdései," GAZDÁLKODÁS: Scientific Journal on Agricultural Economics, Karoly Robert University College, vol. 63(02), April.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:gazdal:288632
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.288632
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