The Status and Challenges of Sericulture Industry in the Traditional Silk-producing States of India

Sericulture has provided significant economic benefits for local economies over millennia and was a significant contributor to burgeoning trade networks and globalization over the first millenia CE. The sericulture industry in India, a cornerstone of rural livelihoods and traditional craftsmanship, remains concentrated in the key states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Assam. These states account for the bulk of the country's raw silk output, with mulberry silk dominating in the southern regions and non-mulberry varieties (eri, tasar, and muga) prominent in the northeast and east. In fiscal year 2023-24, India achieved a record raw silk production of 38,913 metric tons, marking steady growth from previous years supported by government initiatives like Silk Samagra. However, preliminary data for FY 2024-25 (April-December) indicate a decline to approximately 30,614-34,042 metric tons, reflecting challenges such as adverse climatic conditions, silkworm diseases, and fluctuating cocoon prices. Karnataka continues to lead with around 12,463 metric tons, followed by Andhra Pradesh (10,492 MT), Assam (5,745 MT), Tamil Nadu (2,679 MT), and West Bengal (2,131 MT). The sector employs over 9.7 million people, primarily in rural and semi-urban areas, contributing significantly to women's empowerment and socio-economic development. Despite positive long-term trends in productivity (around 2-3% annual growth in recent studies), the industry faces constraints including import competition from China, labor shortages, and limited adoption of modern technologies. Opportunities lie in rising global demand for sustainable natural fibers, export promotion, and innovations in bivoltine silk production, positioning the traditional states for potential revival and enhanced competitiveness in the coming years. With focused policy support and adoption of advanced technologies, Indian sericulture can achieve long-term stability, improved quality, and global competitiveness, thereby contributing significantly to rural livelihoods and the national economy.