Effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on outdoor workers health: A systematic literature review

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation represents a significant occupational hazard for outdoor workers, contributing to various health outcomes including dermatological conditions, ocular diseases, immune system impairment, and decreased productivity. Workers engaged in industries such as construction, agriculture, and transportation are frequently exposed to UVR levels exceeding recommended safety thresholds, thereby increasing their risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), pterygium, cataracts, and immunosuppression. Despite widespread awareness of these risks, current preventive measures and occupational regulations are often insufficient. This systematic review aims to compile and analyze current evidence regarding the health impacts of occupational solar UVR exposure among outdoor workers. Additionally, it seeks to identify existing gaps in knowledge and policy to support the development of effective preventive strategies and guide future research efforts. A comprehensive, systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Keywords and MeSH terms related to UVR exposure, outdoor occupations, skin and eye health, and preventive interventions were utilized. Studies selected for inclusion focused on adult outdoor workers and addressed UVR-related health outcomes or exposure assessments. Due to heterogeneity in study designs, findings were synthesized thematically. Research consistently indicates that outdoor workers experience UVR exposure levels two to three times higher than indoor workers, often exceeding safety limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). There is strong evidence linking chronic UVR exposure to increased risks of NMSC (relative risk 1.43–2.42), pterygium, and cataracts, with biomarker studies corroborating UV-induced immunosuppression. Additionally, UVR exposure has been associated with cognitive performance, productivity, and absenteeism, leading to considerable economic impacts. While preventive measures such as sunscreen use, protective clothing, and educational programs have improved protective behaviors by approximately 20–40%, adherence to these practices remains limited. Currently, global regulatory frameworks are inadequate, with only about one-third of countries implementing comprehensive occupational UVR guidelines. Key Words: UVR exposure, outdoor workers, occupational exposure, skin cancer, and ocular diseases