Digital twins as a key element of the energy of the future: the connection with Kondratiev’s theory of long waves

The article examines the role of digital twin technology as a key instrument of the digital transformation of the energy sector. In economic science, N.D. Kondratiev’s long wave theory, which postulates that the development of the world economy follows cyclical patterns of prolonged periods of growth and decline (~50–60 years), has gained wide recognition. The study applies a systematic analysis of scientific literature and practical cases of digital twin implementation in the energy sector, correlating these findings with the phases of long economic cycles. Special attention is given to the ways in which digital twins can support the integration of renewable energy sources, enhance the reliability of power systems, and accelerate the energy transition. The novelty of the research lies in considering digital twins not only as a tool for optimizing individual processes but also as one of the basic innovations of the emerging sixth technological paradigm focused on sustainable development. The article argues that digital twins act as a bridge between digital and “green†transformations, contributing to the formation of a new energy paradigm. It concludes that this technology has significant potential in the context of the forthcoming sixth Kondratiev long wave.