International efforts in combating administrative corruption: A comprehensive analysis of global frameworks and implementation challenges

Administrative corruption poses a global threat to governance, economic growth, and social justice. Despite extensive international efforts over the past 30 years such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, implementation remains inconsistent. This paper systematically reviews key international frameworks, regional mechanisms, and civil society initiatives using data from 189 countries. While 189 states have ratified UNCAC and 46 have adopted the OECD Convention, effectiveness is hindered by limited political will (89% in least developed countries), weak institutional capacity (78%), and resource shortages (82%). Although $8.9 billion in stolen assets has been recovered since 2010, this is minimal compared to the estimated $1–2 trillion lost annually to corruption. The OECD Convention demonstrates stronger enforcement with over 1,000 investigations and $14.9 billion in sanctions, in contrast to less successful regional efforts. Despite progress in standard-setting and institutional development, challenges persist in translating global commitments into action. The coming decade demands better coordination, capacity-building, and innovative strategies that leverage digital tools and integrate climate governance to enhance global anti-corruption measures.