From sediment to structure: Technological and industrial prospects of natural gypsum in sustainable construction

Natural gypsum, which is composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, is attracting renewed interest due to its environmental compatibility and its numerous applications in construction and related industries. This study investigates the geological, technological, and industrial potential of natural gypsum, emphasizing its role in sustainable construction. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze the formation conditions of gypsum-bearing strata across key geological epochs, particularly the Permian, Triassic, and Miocene, highlighting patterns in their spatial and temporal distribution both globally and within Kazakhstan. These findings were integrated with a case analysis of the Shert gypsum-anhydrite deposit in southern Kazakhstan. Methodologically, the study is based on archival geological maps, borehole data, and technical-economic reports to assess the lithological structure, mineral composition, and resource viability. The results confirm the presence of high-purity gypsum (over 84% CaSO₄·2H₂O), low groundwater inflow, and consistent economic profitability. This makes the deposit suitable for producing construction materials such as gypsum boards, plaster, and sulfate-resistant cement. The study concludes that the link between paleogeographic conditions and mineral quality has practical implications for material selection and sustainable resource development. These findings could provide a framework for evaluating similar deposits and optimizing the use of natural gypsum in environmentally conscious engineering practices.