A comparative study of the research and innovation ecosystems of state and private universities in the Philippines using the quintuple helix framework

This study presents a comparative analysis of State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) and private universities in the Philippines in their application of the Quintuple Helix Model to enhance research, innovation, and extension (RIE) functions. Recognizing the distinct mandates and operational contexts of public and private higher education institutions, the research examines how each type engages with government, industry, academia, civil society, and environmental sectors to foster sustainable innovation. Using a comparative qualitative research design, supported by document analysis and case study development, the study identifies the strategic approaches, key challenges, performance indicators, and sectoral collaborations of both SUCs and private universities. Findings reveal that while SUCs face systemic challenges related to funding, bureaucratic rigidity, and limited industry linkages, they play a critical role in community engagement and public-sector collaboration. Private universities, on the other hand, exhibit strengths in market-oriented research and industry partnerships but encounter constraints in financial sustainability, public sector engagement, and broader societal impact. The study highlights best practices, identifies structural and policy gaps, and offers recommendations to optimize multi-sectoral collaborations across both public and private HEIs. By situating the analysis within the Quintuple Helix framework, the study contributes to understanding how Philippine higher education institutions can more effectively drive sustainable development and innovation.