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Stock versus Mutual Ownership Structures: The Risk Implications

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Cited by:

  1. Garven, J. R. & M. Guillen, 1995. "Ownership Structure and Distribution Systems in Property-Liability Insurance," Working Papers 009, Risk and Insurance Archive.
  2. Fier, Stephen G. & McCullough, Kathleen A. & Carson, James M., 2013. "Internal capital markets and the partial adjustment of leverage," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 1029-1039.
  3. Hong Zou & Min-Ming Wen & Charles Yang & Mulong Wang, 2012. "Underwriting and investment risks in the property-liability insurance industry: evidence prior to the 9–11 event," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 25-46, January.
  4. de Haan, Leo & Kakes, Jan, 2010. "Are non-risk based capital requirements for insurance companies binding?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1618-1627, July.
  5. Seog S. Hun, 2006. "Limited Competition, Information Asymmetry, and Organizational Forms," Asia-Pacific Journal of Risk and Insurance, De Gruyter, vol. 1(2), pages 1-14, February.
  6. Beaver, William H. & McNichols, Maureen F. & Nelson, Karen K., 2003. "Management of the loss reserve accrual and the distribution of earnings in the property-casualty insurance industry," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 347-376, August.
  7. Luisa Anderloni & Ornella Moro & Alessandra Tanda, 2019. "Governance e performance nelle imprese di assicurazioni: un’analisi bibliometrica ed una meta analisi," DEM Working Papers Series 177, University of Pavia, Department of Economics and Management.
  8. Byeongyong Paul Choi & Elyas Elyasiani, 2011. "Foreign-owned insurer performance in the US property-liability markets," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(3), pages 291-306.
  9. Wise William, 2020. "The Importance of the Efficiency of Mutual Life Insurers: A Comparison to Stock Life Insurers," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, vol. 20(1), pages 474-505, June.
  10. L. Lee Colquitt & Kathleen A. McCullough & David W. Sommer, 2011. "An Analysis of Contingent Commission Use by Property–Liability Insurers," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 14(2), pages 157-171, September.
  11. Arnold, Eva A. & Größl, Ingrid & Koziol, Philipp, 2016. "Market discipline across bank governance models: Empirical evidence from German depositors," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 126-138.
  12. Markku Kaustia & Samuli Knüpfer & Sami Torstila, 2016. "Stock Ownership and Political Behavior: Evidence from Demutualizations," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 62(4), pages 945-963, April.
  13. Chia-Ling Ho & Gene Lai & Sangyong Han & Licheng Jin, 2022. "Organisational structure, corporate governance and reinsurance decisions in the U.S. property-liability insurance industry," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 47(4), pages 737-784, October.
  14. Berger, Allen N & Cummins, J David & Weiss, Mary A, 1997. "The Coexistence of Multiple Distribution Systems for Financial Services: The Case of Property-Liability Insurance," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 70(4), pages 515-546, October.
  15. Licheng Jin & Gene Lai & Chia-Ling Ho, 2022. "An analysis of post-demutualisation in the property–liability insurance industry," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 47(2), pages 279-320, April.
  16. Dionne, Georges & Harrington, Scott, 2017. "Insurance and Insurance Markets," Working Papers 17-2, HEC Montreal, Canada Research Chair in Risk Management.
  17. Dennis Fan & Raymond So & Jason Yeh, 2006. "Analyst Earnings Forecasts for Publicly Traded Insurance Companies," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 26(2), pages 105-136, March.
  18. Toni Dechario & Patricia C. Mosser & Joseph Tracy & James Vickery & Joshua Wright, 2010. "A private lender cooperative model for residential mortgage finance," Staff Reports 466, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
  19. Garci­a-Marco, Teresa & Robles-Fernández, M. Dolores, 2008. "Risk-taking behaviour and ownership in the banking industry: The Spanish evidence," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 60(4), pages 332-354.
  20. Lawrence Powell & David Sommer, 2007. "Internal Versus External Capital Markets in the Insurance Industry: The Role of Reinsurance," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 31(2), pages 173-188, June.
  21. Enya He & David W. Sommer, 2010. "Separation of Ownership and Control: Implications for Board Composition," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 77(2), pages 265-295, June.
  22. Dana A. Kerr, 2005. "The Effect of Ownership Structure on Insurance Company Litigation Strategy," The Journal of Legal Studies, University of Chicago Press, vol. 34(1), pages 273-294, January.
  23. Stone, Anna-Leigh, 2021. "Double the insurance, double the funds?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
  24. Chris O'Brien, 2006. "The Downfall of Equitable Life in the United Kingdom: The Mismatch of Strategy and Risk Management," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 9(2), pages 189-204, September.
  25. Martin F. Grace & J. Tyler Leverty, 2010. "Political Cost Incentives for Managing the Property‐Liability Insurer Loss Reserve," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(1), pages 21-49, March.
  26. Eling, Martin & Jia, Ruo, 2018. "Business failure, efficiency, and volatility: Evidence from the European insurance industry," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 58-76.
  27. Gardner, L. A. & M. F. Grace, "undated". "Efficiency Comparisons between Mutual and Stock Life Insurance Companies," Working Papers 012, Risk and Insurance Archive.
  28. Giorgio Caselli & Catarina Figueira, 2023. "Monetary policy, ownership structure, and risk‐taking at financial intermediaries," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 58(1), pages 167-191, February.
  29. Jiang Cheng & Mary A. Weiss, 2012. "The Role of RBC, Hurricane Exposure, Bond Portfolio Duration, and Macroeconomic and Industry-wide Factors in Property–Liability Insolvency Prediction," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 79(3), pages 723-750, September.
  30. Steven Pottier & David Sommer, 2002. "The Effectiveness of Public and Private Sector Summary Risk Measures in Predicting Insurer Insolvencies," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 21(1), pages 101-116, February.
  31. Braun, Alexander & Schmeiser, Hato & Rymaszewski, Przemysław, 2015. "Stock vs. mutual insurers: Who should and who does charge more?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 242(3), pages 875-889.
  32. David M. Pooser & Mark J. Browne, 2018. "The Effects of Customer Satisfaction on Company Profitability: Evidence From the Property and Casualty Insurance Industry," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 21(2), pages 289-308, September.
  33. Fabrice Roth, 2000. "Gouvernement des entreprises et stratégie du dirigeant:une étude clinique dans le secteur de l'assurance," Working Papers CREGO 1000701, Université de Bourgogne - CREGO EA7317 Centre de recherches en gestion des organisations.
  34. Courtney B. Baggett & Cassandra R. Cole, 2023. "Insurance groups, product diversification, and the role of surplus lines affiliation," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 26(1), pages 35-56, March.
  35. J. David Cummins & Martin F. Grace & Richard D. Phillips, 1998. "Regulatory solvency prediction in property-liability insurance: risk-based capital, audit ratios, and cash flow simulation," Working Papers 98-20, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
  36. Fabrice Roth, 2000. "Gouvernement des entreprises et stratégie du dirigeant:une étude clinique dans le secteur de l'assurance," Revue Finance Contrôle Stratégie, revues.org, vol. 3(4), pages 179-199, December.
  37. Karels, Gordon V. & McClatchey, Christine A., 1999. "Deposit insurance and risk-taking behavior in the credit union industry," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 105-134, January.
  38. Georges Dionne & Robert Gagné & Abdelhakim Nouira, 2007. "Determinants of Insurers’ Performance in Risk Pooling, Risk Management, and Financial Intermediation Activities," Cahiers de recherche 07-03, HEC Montréal, Institut d'économie appliquée.
  39. Muhammed Altuntas & James Garven & Jannes Rauch, 2018. "On the Corporate Demand for Insurance: Evidence From the Global Reinsurance Market," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 21(2), pages 211-242, September.
  40. Lu, Erin P. & Lai, Gene C. & Ma, Qingzhong, 2017. "Organizational structure, risk-based capital requirements, and the sales of downgraded bonds," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 51-68.
  41. Jean-Noël Ory & Yasmina Lemzeri, 2008. "An appraisal of « cooperative banks » versus « plc banks » efficiency: a focus on the French situation and a European perspective," Cahiers du CEREFIGE 0801, CEREFIGE (Centre Europeen de Recherche en Economie Financiere et Gestion des Entreprises), Universite de Lorraine, revised 2008.
  42. Renaud Bourlès, 2006. "How Can Insurance Companies Compete With MutualInsurers? The Role of Commitment," Working Papers halshs-00410765, HAL.
  43. Paulo Maçãs Nunes & Zélia Silva Serrasqueiro & João Leitão, 2008. "Are there nonlinear relationships between the profitability of Portuguese service SME and its specific determinants?," The Service Industries Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(8), pages 1313-1341, August.
  44. Patricia Born & William M. Gentry & W. Kip Viscusi & Richard J. Zeckhauser, 1998. "Organizational Form and Insurance Company Performance: Stocks versus Mutuals," NBER Chapters, in: The Economics of Property-Casualty Insurance, pages 167-192, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  45. Fabrice Roth, 2012. "Crise et régulation des marchés financiers : Quel impact sur les formes mutuelles dans l'assurance ?," Working Papers halshs-00692342, HAL.
  46. Ameeta JAIN & Monica KENELEY & Dianne THOMSON, 2015. "Customer-Owned Banking In Australia: From Credit Union To Mutual Bank," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 86(3), pages 465-478, September.
  47. Cummins, J. David & Harrington, Scott E. & Klein, Robert, 1995. "Insolvency experience, risk-based capital, and prompt corrective action in property-liability insurance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(3-4), pages 511-527, June.
  48. Janko Gorter & Jacob A. Bikker, 2013. "Investment risk taking by institutional investors," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(33), pages 4629-4640, November.
  49. Laux, Christian & Muermann, Alexander, 2010. "Financing risk transfer under governance problems: Mutual versus stock insurers," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 19(3), pages 333-354, July.
  50. Steven W. Pottier & David W. Sommer, 2006. "Opaqueness in the Insurance Industry: Why Are Some Insurers Harder to Evaluate than Others?," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 9(2), pages 149-163, September.
  51. Jiang Cheng & Mary A. Weiss, 2011. "The Regulatory Effect of Risk-Based Capital in Property-Liability Insurance," NFI Working Papers 2011-WP-20, Indiana State University, Scott College of Business, Networks Financial Institute.
  52. Selim Mankaï & Aymen Belgacem, 2013. "Interactions Between Risk-Taking, Capital, and Reinsurance for Property-Liability Insurance Firms," EconomiX Working Papers 2013-23, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX.
  53. Atsushi Takao & Takuya Yoshizawa & Shuofen Hsu & Takashi Yamasaki, 2011. "The Effect of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the Stock Prices of Non-Life Insurance Companies," Discussion Papers 2011-46, Kobe University, Graduate School of Business Administration.
  54. Richard J. Butler & Yijing Cui & Andrew Whitman, 2000. "Insurers' Demutualization Decisions," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 3(2), pages 135-154, September.
  55. Delgado, J. & Salas, V. & Saurina, J., 2007. "Joint size and ownership specialization in bank lending," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(12), pages 3563-3583, December.
  56. de Haan, Leo & Kakes, Jan, 2010. "Are non-risk based capital requirements for insurance companies binding?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1618-1627, July.
  57. Altuntas, Muhammed & Berry-Stölzle, Thomas R. & Wende, Sabine, 2015. "Does one size fit all? Determinants of insurer capital structure around the globe," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 251-271.
  58. Yoshikatsu Shinozawa, 2010. "Mutual Versus Proprietary Ownership: An Empirical Study From The Uk Unit Trust Industry With A Company‐Product Measure," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 81(2), pages 247-280, June.
  59. J.Cook & S.Deakin & A.Hughes, 2001. "Mutuality and Corporate Governance: The Evolution of UK Building Societies Following Deregulation," Working Papers wp205, Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge.
  60. Selim Mankai & Aymen Belgacem, 2013. "Interactions Between Risk-Taking, Capital, and Reinsurance for Property-Liability Insurance Firms," Working Papers hal-04141190, HAL.
  61. Biener, Christian & Eling, Martin & Jia, Ruo, 2017. "The structure of the global reinsurance market: An analysis of efficiency, scale, and scope," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 213-229.
  62. Xie, Xiaoying & Wang, Yuling & Zhao, Guiqin & Lu, Weili, 2017. "Cash holdings between public and private insurers ‒ a partial adjustment approach," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 80-97.
  63. Stephen G. Fier & Andre P. Liebenberg & Ivonne A. Liebenberg, 2017. "Insurer Growth Strategies," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 20(3), pages 309-337, December.
  64. Philip Hardwick & Michael Adams, 1996. "Claims' estimation in multiproduct life insurance firms: preliminary United Kingdom results," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 3(11), pages 715-718.
  65. Luisa Anderloni & Ornella Moro & Alessandra Tanda, 2020. "Governance and Performance in Insurance Companies: A Bibliometric Analysis and A Meta-Analysis," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 12(11), pages 1-1, November.
  66. Laureen Regan, 1999. "Expense Ratios Across Insurance Distribution Systems: An Analysis By Line Of Business," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 2(2), pages 44-59, January.
  67. Anne Gron, 1999. "Insurer Demand for Catastrophe Reinsurance," NBER Chapters, in: The Financing of Catastrophe Risk, pages 23-50, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  68. Cummins, J. David & Tennyson, Sharon & Weiss, Mary A., 1999. "Consolidation and efficiency in the US life insurance industry," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(2-4), pages 325-357, February.
  69. Rubio-Misas, María, 2020. "Ownership structure and financial stability: Evidence from Takaful and conventional insurance firms," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
  70. Mark J. Flannery & W. Scott Frame, 2006. "The Federal Home Loan Bank system : the \"other\" housing GSE," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, vol. 91(Q 3), pages 33-54.
  71. Berry-Stölzle, Thomas R. & Koissi, Marie-Claire & Shapiro, Arnold F., 2010. "Detecting fuzzy relationships in regression models: The case of insurer solvency surveillance in Germany," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(3), pages 554-567, June.
  72. Yueyun Chen & Iskandar Hamwi & Tim Hudson, 2003. "Capital asset pricing models with default risk: Theory and application in insurance," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 9(1), pages 20-34, February.
  73. Noel O'Sullivan, 1998. "Ownership and Governance in the Insurance Industry: A Review of the Theory and Evidence," The Service Industries Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(4), pages 145-161, October.
  74. Alejandro Drexler & Thomas B. King, 2021. "Capital Constraints and Risk Shifting: An Instrumental Approach," Working Paper Series WP-2021-13, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
  75. J. Cummins & Gregory Nini, 2002. "Optimal Capital Utilization by Financial Firms: Evidence from the Property-Liability Insurance Industry," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 21(1), pages 15-53, February.
  76. Thomas R. Berry-Stölzle & Jianren Xu, 2022. "Local religious beliefs and insurance companies’ risk-taking behaviour," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 47(2), pages 242-278, April.
  77. David Mayers & Clifford Smith, 2002. "Ownership Structure and Control: Property-Casualty Insurer Conversion to Stock Charter," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 21(1), pages 117-144, February.
  78. Hsiao, Ching-Yuan & Shiu, Yung-Ming, 2023. "Risk-sharing function in internal capital markets: Evidence from intragroup reinsurance activities," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
  79. Tong Yu & Bingxuan Lin & Henry R. Oppenheimer & Xuanjuan Chen, 2008. "Intangible Assets and Firm Asset Risk Taking: An Analysis of Property and Liability Insurance Firms," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 11(1), pages 157-178, March.
  80. David Mayers & Clifford W. Smith, 2010. "Compensation and Board Structure: Evidence From the Insurance Industry," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 77(2), pages 297-327, June.
  81. Nadine RICHEZ-BATTESTI & Jean-Noël ORY & Patrick GIANFALDONO, 2008. "Quelle gouvernance partenariale dans les banques coopératives françaises ? Marché, réseau et proximité," CIRIEC Working Papers 0807, CIRIEC - Université de Liège.
  82. Baranoff, Etti G. & Sager, Thomas W., 2002. "The relations among asset risk, product risk, and capital in the life insurance industry," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 1181-1197, June.
  83. Noriyoshi Yanase & Piman Limpaphayom, 2017. "Organization Structure And Corporate Demand For Reinsurance: The Case Of The Japanese Keiretsu," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 84(2), pages 599-629, June.
  84. Hong Zou & Chuanhou Yang & Mulong Wang & Minglai Zhu, 2009. "Dividend decisions in the property and liability insurance industry: mutual versus stock companies," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 33(2), pages 113-139, August.
  85. M. Adams & M. Buckle, 2003. "The determinants of corporate financial performance in the Bermuda insurance market," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(2), pages 133-143.
  86. Zélia Serrasqueiro & Paulo Maçãs Nunes, 2008. "Performance and size: empirical evidence from Portuguese SMEs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 31(2), pages 195-217, August.
  87. Jiang Cheng & J. David Cummins & Tzuting Lin, 2021. "Are all mutuals the same? Evidence from CEO turnover in the US property–casualty insurance industry," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 46(2), pages 175-205, September.
  88. Jill Bisco & Kathleen McCullough, 2017. "Retained Asset Accounts and Creditor Reactions to an A.M. Best Change," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 20(3), pages 277-307, December.
  89. Zou, Hong & Adams, Mike B., 2006. "The corporate purchase of property insurance: Chinese evidence," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 165-196, April.
  90. Li‐Ying Huang & Gene C. Lai & Erin Lu & Michael McNamara, 2020. "Auditor quality, audit fees, organizational structure, and risk taking in the US life insurance industry," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 23(2), pages 151-182, June.
  91. Scott Harrington & Greg Niehaus, 2002. "Capital Structure Decisions in the Insurance Industry: Stocks versus Mutuals," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 21(1), pages 145-163, February.
  92. Berry-Stölzle, Thomas R. & Irlbeck, Steven, 2021. "Religiosity and risk taking: Is there a demand-side effect?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  93. Abdul Latif Alhassan & Nicholas Biekpe, 2018. "Competition and Risk-Taking Behaviour in the Non-Life Insurance Market in South Africa," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 43(3), pages 492-519, July.
  94. Byeongyong Paul Choi, 2010. "The U.S. Property and Liability Insurance Industry: Firm Growth, Size, and Age," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 13(2), pages 207-224, September.
  95. Collins, Julie H. & Geisler, Greg G. & Shackelford, Douglas A., 1997. "The effects of taxes, regulation, earnings, and organizational form on life insurers' investment portfolio realizations," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 337-361, December.
  96. Cassandra R. Cole & Enya He & Kathleen A. McCullough & David W. Sommer, 2011. "Separation of Ownership and Management: Implications for Risk‐Taking Behavior," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 14(1), pages 49-71, March.
  97. repec:mth:ijafr8:v:8:y:2018:i:2:p:152-165 is not listed on IDEAS
  98. Fabrice Roth, 1998. "Structures de propriété, pouvoir discrétionnaire managérial et choix d'activité dans l'assurance dommages en France," Revue Finance Contrôle Stratégie, revues.org, vol. 1(1), pages 169-194, March.
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