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Vertical Organization, Technology Flows and R&D Incentives: An Exploratory Analysis

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Author Info
Dietmar Harhoff

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Abstract

Despite its importance, the impact of vertical organization on innovation incentives has not been investigated in depth. This paper develops a number of testable hypotheses and then provides a first exploratory empirical analysis, using cross-sectional industry-level data. Two simple stylized facts emerge from the empirical results. First, once a fragmented buyer industry is dependent on a relatively concentrated supply sector, the industry’s own R&D intensity is reduced substantially. Second, vertical technology flows appear to act as substitutes for an industry's own R&D if the receiving industry's concentration is relatively low. Both results are largely consistent with a number of case studies and with theoretical arguments discussed in the paper.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - (Vertikale Organisation, Technologieflüsse und FuE-Anreize - Eine explorative Studie)
Der Einfluß der vertikalen Organisation von Industrien auf Innovationsanreize ist trotz der Bedeutung der Fragestellung noch nicht detailliert untersucht worden. Dieses Papier stellt eine Reihe von testbaren Hypothesen vor und präsentiert eine erste explorative empirische Analyse auf der Basis eines Querschnittsdatensatzes. Zwei empirische Regularitäten können nachgewiesen werden. Zum einen liegt die FuE-Intensität einer Industrie erheblich unter dem üblichen Durchschnitt, wenn die Konzentration der Industrie niedrig ist, aber eine Abhängigkeit von einer konzentrierten Zuliefererindustrie besteht. Zum zweiten scheinen vertikale Technologieflüsse als Substitute für die eigene FuE einer Industrie zu fungieren, sobald die Konzentration der Empfängerindustrie relativ niedrig ist. Beide Resultate sind prinzipiell konsistent mit weiterer Evidenz aus Fallstudien und mit den theoretisch hergeleiteten Hypothesen.

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Publisher Info
Paper provided by Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (WZB), Research Unit: Competition and Innovation (CIG) in its series CIG Working Papers with number FS IV 98-02.

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Length: 31 pages
Date of creation: Apr 1998
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Publication status: Published in: D. C. Mueller/A. Haid/J. Weigand (eds.): Competition, Efficiency, and Welfare: Essays in Honor of Manfred Neumann, 1999. Boston, Dordrecht and London: Kluwer Academic, 1999, pp. 57-82.
Handle: RePEc:wzb:wzebiv:fsiv98-2

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Related research
Keywords: vertical structure; research and development; appropriability;

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Jeffrey I. Bernstein & M. Ishaq Nadiri, 1989. "Research and Development and Intraindustry Spillovers: An Empirical Application of Dynamic Duality," NBER Working Papers 2002, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  2. Bernstein, Jeffrey I, 1989. "The Structure of Canadian Inter-industry R&D Spillovers, and the Rates of Return to R&D," Journal of Industrial Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 37(3), pages 315-28, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Harhoff, Dietmar, 1997. "Innovationsanreize in einem strukturellen Oligopolmodel," ZEW Discussion Papers 97-16, ZEW - Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung / Center for European Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
  4. Pakes, Ariel S, 1986. "Patents as Options: Some Estimates of the Value of Holding European Patent Stocks," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 54(4), pages 755-84, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Pavitt, Keith, 1983. "Characteristics of innovative activities in British industry," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 113-130. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Demsetz, Harold, 1969. "Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint," Journal of Law & Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 12(1), pages 1-22, April.
  7. White, Halbert, 1980. "A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(4), pages 817-38, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Farber, Stephen C, 1981. "Buyer Market Structure and R&D Effort: A Simultaneous Equations Model," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 63(3), pages 336-45, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Lichtenberg, Frank R, 1988. "The Private R&D Investment Response to Federal Design and Technical Competitions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 78(3), pages 550-59, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Richard Levin & Peter C. Reiss, 1984. "Tests of a Schumpeterian Model of R&D and Market Structure," NBER Chapters, in: R & D, Patents, and Productivity, pages 175-208 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!]
  11. Scherer, F. M., 1983. "The propensity to patent," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 107-128, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Cohen, Wesley M & Levinthal, Daniel A, 1989. "Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 99(397), pages 569-96, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. Richard C. Levin & Alvin K. Klevorick & Richard R. Nelson & Sidney G. Winter, 1987. "Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 18(1987-3), pages 783-832. [Downloadable!]
  14. Cohen, Wesley M. & Levin, Richard C., 1989. "Empirical studies of innovation and market structure," Handbook of Industrial Organization, in: R. Schmalensee & R. Willig (ed.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 18, pages 1059-1107 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  15. Jeffrey I. Bernstein, 1988. "Costs of Production, Intra- and Interindustry R&D Spillovers: Canadian Evidence," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 21(2), pages 324-47, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  16. Scherer, Frederic M. & Harhoff, Dietmar & Vopel, Katrin, 1997. "Exploring the Tail of Patented Invention Value Distributions," ZEW Discussion Papers 97-30, ZEW - Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung / Center for European Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  17. Dasgupta, Partha & Stiglitz, Joseph, 1980. "Industrial Structure and the Nature of Innovative Activity," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 90(358), pages 266-93, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  18. Richard C. Levin & Alvin K. Klevorick & Richard R. Nelson & Sidney G. Winter, 1988. "Appropriating the Returns from Industrial R&D," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 862, Cowles Foundation, Yale University. [Downloadable!]
  19. Nelson, Richard R. & Winter, Sidney G., 1977. "In search of useful theory of innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 6(1), pages 36-76, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  20. Ariel Pakes, 1986. "Patents as Options: Some Estimates of the Value of Holding European Patent Stocks," NBER Working Papers 1340, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  21. Von Hippel, Eric, 1982. "Appropriability of innovation benefit as a predictor of the source of innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 95-115, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  22. Richard C. Levin & Peter C. Reiss, 1988. "Cost-Reducing and Demand-Creating R&D with Spillovers," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 19(4), pages 538-556, Winter. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  23. Lichtenberg, Frank R, 1987. "The Effect of Government Funding on Private Industrial Research and Development: A Re-assessment," Journal of Industrial Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 36(1), pages 97-104, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  24. Hausman, Jerry A., 1983. "Specification and estimation of simultaneous equation models," Handbook of Econometrics, in: Z. Griliches† & M. D. Intriligator (ed.), Handbook of Econometrics, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 7, pages 391-448 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  25. Jeffrey I. Bernstein & M. Ishaq Nadiri, 1988. "Interindustry R&D Spillovers, Rates Of Return, and Production In High-Tech Industries," NBER Working Papers 2554, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
Full references

Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Alfred Haid & Markus Thomas Münter, 1999. "Neuere Entwicklungen in der industrieökonomischen Forschung und die aktuelle Berichterstattung über die technologische Leistungsfähigkeit Deutschlands," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 188, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
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