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Russisches Öl: Auswirkungen der EU-Sanktionen auf Österreich. Embargo oder Importzölle?

Author

Listed:
  • Josef Baumgartner
  • Elisabeth Christen
  • Gabriel Felbermayr

    (WIFO)

Abstract

Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die ökonomischen Auswirkungen einer Ausweitung der EU-Sanktionen auf Importe von Rohöl und verarbeiteten Mineralölprodukten aus Russland. Diese Sanktionen könnten in Form eines Öl-Embargos oder weniger restriktiv und dadurch mit unmittelbar weniger negativen Folgeeffekten für die Wirtschaft in der EU als Importzölle auferlegt werden. Russland ist (noch) ein bedeutender Lieferant von Erdöl und Erdölprodukten. Innerhalb der EU ist die Importabhängigkeit von russischen Öllieferungen sehr heterogen. Für Österreich ist Kasachstan das wichtigste Herkunftsland von Rohöl. Im Falle von russischen Gegenmaßnahmen sind EU-Ölimporte aus anderen GUS-Ländern gefährdet. Kurzfristig kommen vor allem die OPEC-Länder als alternative Lieferquelle in Betracht. Verarbeitete Mineralölprodukte, wie Benzin und Diesel, werden in Österreich fast ausschließlich aus anderen EU-Ländern – vor allem Deutschland – bezogen und nicht direkt aus Russland importiert. Allerdings besteht dadurch eine hohe indirekte Abhängigkeit. Eine Verknappung und in der Folge Verteuerung von Treibstoffen hätten negative Auswirkungen auf die Güter- und Personenbeförderung. Importzölle dürften im Vergleich zu einem Öl-Embargo mehrere Vorteile aufweisen. Durch eine graduelle Erhöhung verläuft die Anpassung der heimischen Wirtschaft über Preiseffekte besser als über eine unmittelbare Mengenreduktion. Zudem kann das Instrument flexibel und strategisch auf die wirtschaftliche und politische Dynamik des Konfliktes abgestimmt werden und führt in der EU neben höheren Preisen auch zu Zolleinnahmen. Als Folge eines Embargos oder einer Einführung eines äquivalenten Importzolles lassen Simulationsergebnisse für Österreich kurzfristig einen Anstieg der Inflationsrate um 0,5 bis 0,75 Prozentpunkte und eine Absenkung der Wirtschaftsleistung um 0,3% erwarten.

Suggested Citation

  • Josef Baumgartner & Elisabeth Christen & Gabriel Felbermayr, 2022. "Russisches Öl: Auswirkungen der EU-Sanktionen auf Österreich. Embargo oder Importzölle?," WIFO Research Briefs 14, WIFO.
  • Handle: RePEc:wfo:rbrief:y:2022:i:14
    Note: With English abstract.
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gabriel Felbermayr & Hendrik Mahlkow & Alexander Sandkamp, 2023. "Cutting through the value chain: the long-run effects of decoupling the East from the West," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 50(1), pages 75-108, February.
    2. Gros, Daniel, 2022. "Optimal tariff versus optimal sanction: The case of European gas imports from Russia," CEPS Papers 36006, Centre for European Policy Studies.
    3. Puls, Thomas, 2022. "Russlands Bedeutung als Kraftstofflieferant," IW-Kurzberichte 21/2022, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) / German Economic Institute.
    4. Lorenzo Caliendo & Fernando Parro, 2015. "Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 82(1), pages 1-44.
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