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The comparative statics of effective demand

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  • Jochen Hartwig

    (Professur für Wirtschaftspolitik, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Chemnitz University of Technology, CESifo Munich, Germany)

Abstract

Keynes introduces the term ‘effective demand’ in chapter 3 of the General Theory as designating the point of intersection of two functions: the ‘aggregate demand function’ (D) and the ‘aggregate supply function’ (Z). For the first time in the literature, I here specify exact functional forms for the D and Z functions and run numerical simulations which allow to study the comparative statics of the model in the face of various ‘shocks’. The demonstration of how the D/Z model actually works will hopefully prove useful for future students of the economics of Keynes.

Suggested Citation

  • Jochen Hartwig, 2017. "The comparative statics of effective demand," Chemnitz Economic Papers 003, Department of Economics, Chemnitz University of Technology, revised Mar 2017.
    • Handle: RePEc:tch:wpaper:cep003
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. MG Hayes, 2007. "Keynes's Z function, heterogeneous output and marginal productivity," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 31(5), pages 741-753, September.
    2. Gerhard Michael Ambrosi, 2011. "Keynes' abominable Z-footnote," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 35(3), pages 619-633.
    3. M.G. Hayes, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 661-671, October.
    4. M. G. Hayes, 2008. "Keynes's Z function: a reply to Hartwig and Brady," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 32(5), pages 811-814, September.
    5. Olivier Allain, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 653-660, October.
    6. Paul Davidson, 1994. "Post Keynesian Macroeconomic Theory," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 124.
    7. Mark Hayes, 2007. "The Point of Effective Demand," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(1), pages 55-80.
    8. Olivier Allain & Jochen Hartwig & M.G. Hayes, 2013. "Introduction to the Symposium," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 650-652, October.
    9. Paul Davidson, 2002. "Financial Markets, Money and the Real World," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 2467.
    10. Olivier Allain, 2009. "Effective Demand and Short-term Adjustments in the General Theory," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(1), pages 1-22.
    11. John King, 1993. "Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis Since Keynes: A Partial History," Working Papers 1993.16, School of Economics, La Trobe University.
    12. J. E. King, 1994. "Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis Since Keynes: A Partial History," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(1), pages 3-31, September.
    13. Jochen Hartwig, 2014. "Relative Movements of Real Wages and Output," KOF Working papers 14-355, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
    14. Jesus Felipe & Franklin M. Fisher, 2003. "Aggregation in Production Functions: What Applied Economists should Know," Metroeconomica, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(2‐3), pages 208-262, May.
    15. J. Hartwig & M. E. Brady, 2008. "Comment: Hayes on Z," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 32(5), pages 815-819, September.
    16. Palley, Thomas I, 1997. "Expected Aggregate Demand, the Production Period and the Keynesian Theory of Aggregate Supply," The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, University of Manchester, vol. 65(3), pages 295-309, June.
    17. Alfonso Palacio-Vera, 2009. "Capital Accumulation, Technical Progress and Labour Supply Growth: Keynes's Approach to Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis Revisited," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(1), pages 23-49.
    18. Shaikh, Anwar, 1974. "Laws of Production and Laws of Algebra: The Humbug Production Function," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 56(1), pages 115-120, February.
    19. Jochen Hartwig, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 672-678, October.
    20. Olivier Allain & Jochen Hartwig & M.G. Hayes, 2013. "Introduction to the Symposium," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 650-652, October.
    21. Jochen Hartwig, 2011. "Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply: Will the Real Keynes Please Stand Up?," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(4), pages 613-618, October.
    22. Olivier Allain, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 653-660, October.
    23. Paul Davidson, 1978. "Money and the Real World," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, edition 0, number 978-1-349-15865-2.
    24. Olivier Allain, 2009. "Effective demand and short-term adjustments in the General Theory," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00345891, HAL.
    25. Marc Lavoie, 2003. "Real Wages and Unemployment with Effective and Notional Demand for Labor," Review of Radical Political Economics, Union for Radical Political Economics, vol. 35(2), pages 166-182, June.
    26. Victoria Chick, 1983. "Macroeconomics after Keynes: A Reconsideration of the General Theory," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262530457, December.
    27. Jochen Hartwig, 2004. "Keynes's multiplier in a two-sectoral framework," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(3), pages 309-334.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Keynes; effective demand; D/Z model;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • B31 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - History of Economic Thought: Individuals - - - Individuals
    • E12 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian; Modern Monetary Theory

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