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Measurement and Evaluation of Equality of Opportunity: A Numerical Look at Education, Health, and Income Inequality

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  • Haqiqi, Iman
  • Bahalou, Marziyeh
  • Hamidi, Razieh

Abstract

Inequality in access to “opportunity” is one of the significant factors determining income inequality. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the economic effects of change in the initial allocation of resources and the redistribution of opportunity in terms of access to education and health. In this research we use a Computable General Equilibrium model, focusing on the initial distribution of educational opportunity and allocation of available resources. In our model, the difference among households is due to differences in opportunity, skill, and endowments of capital and labor. We introduce a method to quantify the opportunity premium. The model is calibrated based on Micro Consistent Matrix (MCM) of the Iranian economy. The results indicate that redistribution of opportunity and reallocations of educational resources can improve all equality indices. An important conclusion is that the income gap increases faster than the opportunity gap. Therefore, a reduction in income inequality is possible by small improvements in the equality of opportunity.

Suggested Citation

  • Haqiqi, Iman & Bahalou, Marziyeh & Hamidi, Razieh, 2014. "Measurement and Evaluation of Equality of Opportunity: A Numerical Look at Education, Health, and Income Inequality," MPRA Paper 95866, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:95866
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Haqiqi , Iman & Bahalou Horeh , Marziyeh, 2013. "Macroeconomic Impacts of Export Barriers in a Dynamic CGE Model," Journal of Money and Economy, Monetary and Banking Research Institute, Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 8(3), pages 117-150, July.
    2. Haqiqi, Iman & Manzoor, Davood & Aghababaei, Mohammad, 2013. "Impacts of Electricity Efficiency Improvements on Factors Market: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach," MPRA Paper 95825, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Asghar, Shahmoradi & Iman, Haqiqi & Zahedi, Raziyeh, 2011. "Impact Analysis of Energy Price Reform and Cash Subsidy Payment in Iran: A CGE Approach," MPRA Paper 95809, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Haqiqi, Iman & Mortazavi Kakhaki, Morteza, 2012. "The Impact of Redistribution of Opportunities on Income Inequality: A CGE Approach," MPRA Paper 95819, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Weymark, John A., 1981. "Generalized gini inequality indices," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 1(4), pages 409-430, August.
    6. Vitorocco Peragine, 1999. "The Distribution and Redistribution of Opportunity," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(1), pages 37-70, February.
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    8. Mortazavi Kakhaki, Morteza & Haqiqi, Iman & Mahdavi Adeli, Mohammad, 2013. "Regional Equality of Opportunities and Income: A General Equilibrium Modeling for Iran," MPRA Paper 95822, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Haqiqi, Iman & Bahalou, Marziyeh, 2015. "A General Equilibrium Analysis of Unskilled Labor Entry and Skilled Labor Exit in Iran," MPRA Paper 95781, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Manzoor, Davood & Haqiqi, Iman & Aghababaei, Mohammad, 2012. "Decomposing Electricity Demand Elasticity in Iran: Computable General Equilibrium Approach," MPRA Paper 95817, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Haqiqi, Iman & Manzoor, Davood, 2012. "Environmental Impacts of Phasing out Energy Subsidies," MPRA Paper 95688, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2016.
    12. Manzoor, Davood & Haqiqi, Iman & Aghababaei, Mohammad, 2013. "Economic Impacts of Investment in the Electricity Industry: A CGE Comparison of Regulated and Free Markets," MPRA Paper 95823, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Davood, Manzoor & Asghar, Shahmoradi & Iman, Haqiqi, 2010. "An Assessment of the Impact of Reducing Implicit and Explicit Energy Subsidies in Iran; Using a Computable General Equilibrium Model Based on a Modified Micro Consistent Matrix," MPRA Paper 95808, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Rutherford, Thomas F., 1995. "Extension of GAMS for complementarity problems arising in applied economic analysis," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 19(8), pages 1299-1324, November.
    15. Haqiqi, Iman & Bahador, Ali, 2015. "Investigating Economic Effects of Oil Export Reduction: A Financial Computable General Equilibrium Approach," MPRA Paper 95784, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Ok, Efe A., 1997. "On Opportunity Inequality Measurement," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 77(2), pages 300-329, December.
    17. Davood, Manzoor & Mohammad, Aghababaei & Haqiqi, Iman, 2011. "Rebound Effects Analysis of Electricity Efficiency Improvements in Iran: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach," MPRA Paper 95810, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Javier Núñez & Andrea Tartakowsky, 2007. "Inequality of outcomes vs. inequality of opportunities in a developing country. An exploratory analysis for Chile," Estudios de Economia, University of Chile, Department of Economics, vol. 34(2 Year 20), pages 185-202, December.
    19. Manzoor, Davood & Haqiqi, Iman, 2013. "Impacts of Energy Price Increase and Cash Subsidy Payments on Energy Demand," MPRA Paper 95826, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    20. Manzoor, Davood & Haqiqi, Iman & Aghababaei, Mohammad, 2012. "Modeling Dutch Disease in the Economy of Iran: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach," MPRA Paper 95821, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Manzoor, Davood & Haqiqi, Iman, 2012. "Impact of Energy Price Reform on Environmental Emissions; A Computable General Equilibrium Approach," MPRA Paper 95818, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    22. Dirk Van de gaer & Marc Fleurbaey & Walter Bossert, 1999. "Responsibility, talent, and compensation: A second-best analysis," Review of Economic Design, Springer;Society for Economic Design, vol. 4(1), pages 35-55.
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    24. Peragine, Vitorocco, 1999. "The Distribution and Redistribution of Opportunity," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(1), pages 37-69, February.
    25. Davood Manzoor & Asghar Shahmoradi & Iman Haqiqi, 2012. "An analysis of energy price reform: a CGE approach," OPEC Energy Review, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, vol. 36(1), pages 35-54, March.
    26. Haqiqi, Iman & Aghanazari, Hasan & Sharzei, Gholamali, 2013. "Natural Resources Revenue Allocation: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach," MPRA Paper 95785, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    27. Haqiqi, Iman & Mirian, Narges, 2015. "A Financial General Equilibrium Model for Assessment of Financial Sector Policies in Developing Countries," MPRA Paper 95841, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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    Cited by:

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    equality of opportunity; social-choice theory; income distribution; education and inequality; equality of resources; general equilibrium;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C68 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Computable General Equilibrium Models
    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • D58 - Microeconomics - - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium - - - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
    • H75 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
    • I14 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Inequality
    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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