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Comparing the Aitchison distance and the angular distance for use as inequality or disproportionality measures for votes and seats

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  • Colignatus, Thomas

Abstract

Votes and seats satisfy only two of seven criteria for application of the Aitchison distance. Vectors of votes and seats, say for elections for political parties the House of Representatives, can be normalised to 1 or 100%, and then have the outward appearance of compositional data. The Aitchison geometry and distance for compositional data then might be considered for votes and seats too. However, there is an essential zero when a party gets votes but doesn't gain a seat, and a zero gives an undefined logratio. In geology, changing from weights to volumes affects the percentages but not the Aitchison distance. For votes and seats there are no different scales or densities per party component however, and thus reportioning (perturbation) would be improper. Another key issue is subcompositional dominance. For votes {10, 20, 70} and seats {20, 10, 70} it is essential that we consider three parties. For a disproportionality measure we would value it positively that there is a match on 70. The Aitchison distance looks at the ratio {10, 20, 70} / {20, 10, 70} = {1/2, 2, 1} and then neglects a ratio equal to 1. In this case it essentially compares the subcompositions, i.e. votes {10, 20} and seats {20, 10}, rescales to {1/3, 2/3} and {2/3, 1/3}, and finds high disproportionality. This means that it essentially looks at a two party outcome instead of a three party outcome. It follows that votes and seats are better served by another distance measure. Suggested is the angular distance and the Sine-Diagonal Inequality / Disproportionality (SDID) measure based upon this. Users may of course apply both the angular and the Aitchison measures while being aware of the crucial differences in properties.

Suggested Citation

  • Colignatus, Thomas, 2018. "Comparing the Aitchison distance and the angular distance for use as inequality or disproportionality measures for votes and seats," MPRA Paper 84334, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 03 Feb 2018.
  • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:84334
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Colignatus, Thomas, 2018. "Measures of policy distance and inequality / disproportionality of votes and seats," MPRA Paper 84324, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 02 Feb 2018.
    2. Katz, Jonathan N. & King, Gary, 1999. "A Statistical Model for Multiparty Electoral Data," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 93(1), pages 15-32, March.
    3. Wang, Huiwen & Liu, Qiang & Mok, Henry M.K. & Fu, Linghui & Tse, Wai Man, 2007. "A hyperspherical transformation forecasting model for compositional data," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 179(2), pages 459-468, June.
    4. Colignatus, Thomas, 2017. "One woman, one vote. Though not in the USA, UK and France," MPRA Paper 82513, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 08 Nov 2017.
    5. Matt Golder & Jacek Stramski, 2010. "Ideological Congruence and Electoral Institutions," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(1), pages 90-106, January.
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    1. Colignatus, Thomas, 2018. "Measures of policy distance and inequality / disproportionality of votes and seats," MPRA Paper 84324, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 02 Feb 2018.
    2. Colignatus, Thomas, 2018. "An overview of the elementary statistics of correlation, R-squared, cosine, sine, and regression through the origin, with application to votes and seats for Parliament," MPRA Paper 84722, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 20 Feb 2018.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Votes; Seats; Electoral System; Distance; Disproportionality; Aitchison Geometry; Angular Distance; Sine-Diagonal Inequality / Disproportionality; Loosemore-Hanby; Gallagher; Descriptive Statistics; Education; Reportion;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • A10 - General Economics and Teaching - - General Economics - - - General
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • D71 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
    • D72 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

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