Reforming Social Protection Policy: Responding to the Global Financial Crisis and Beyond

This study reviews and evaluates the major contributory and noncontributory social protection programs that are currently in place as part of the government`s portfolio of social protection interventions, including social insurance (SSS, GSIS, PhilHealth); social welfare programs (e.g., Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps, Food-for-School Program [FSP], NFA rice price subsidy, SEA-K); social safety nets (e.g., Pantawid Kuryente); and active labor market programs (e.g., PGMA scholarships, job search assistance, job creation). The evaluation focuses on four aspects: program coverage, size of the benefits/transfers, cost effectiveness/efficiency, and financial sustainability. The major findings of the study include: (1) the bulk of national government spending on social safety nets went to the NFA rice price subsidy, a program that has been proven to be the least effective in reaching the poor; (2) the objectives and intended beneficiaries of a number of programs (e.g., FSP, school feeding programs, and 4Ps) overlap, suggesting the need to consolidate some of them; (3) the 4Ps appears to be superior than the FSP and supplemental feeding programs in addressing needs of the chronic poor and is worth expanding and implementing on a sustained basis given large numbers of chronic poor households; (4) the social security system, the social health insurance scheme, and many of the noncontributory social protection programs provide poor coverage of informal sector which includes the transient poor and the near poor; (5) hastily designed programs launched in response to crisis situations like the Tulong para kay Lolo at Lola and the Pantawid Kuryente are usually not very effective in reaching the poor and the vulnerable; (6) public workfare program appears to be the most appropriate intervention to address needs of the informal sector when there is an economy-wide crisis; (7) expanding the coverage of the Sponsored Program of PhilHealth and improving the selection of beneficiaries are critical in providing the poor financial protection from illness and in making the public health system sustainable; (8) there is a need to sustain the structural reforms at SSS and GSIS, including parametric reforms, benefit package and payment systems designs, and corporate governance improvement, that have already been started in order to strengthen the financial sustainability of these institutions and to reduce the contingent liabilities that the national government will face in the future, (9) establishment of a centrally managed targeting system anchored on a proxy means test will be cost effective if used in the major target programs; and (10) although national government spending on social protection has increased in response to the global financial crisis, spending on social welfare programs, social safety nets, and active labor market programs compares unfavorably with that of other countries.