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Decoupling of wages from productivity: Macro-level facts

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  • Cyrille Schwellnus
  • Andreas Kappeler
  • Pierre-Alain Pionnier

Abstract

Over the past two decades, aggregate labour productivity growth in most OECD countries has decoupled from real median compensation growth, implying that raising productivity is no longer sufficient to raise real wages for the typical worker. This paper provides a quantitative description of decoupling in OECD countries over the past two decades, with the results suggesting that it is explained by declines in both labour shares and the ratio of median to average wages (a partial measure of wage inequality). Labour shares have declined in about two thirds of the OECD countries covered by the analysis. However, the contribution of labour shares to decoupling is smaller if sectors are excluded for which labour shares are driven by changes in commodity and asset prices or for which labour shares are driven by imputation choices (primary, housing and non-market sectors). The ratio of median to average wages has declined in all but two of the OECD countries covered by the analysis and appears to reflect disproportionate wage growth at the very top of the wage distribution rather than stagnating median wages. The causes for these developments will be analysed in follow-up research. Découplage des salaires et de la productivité : Les faits au niveau macroéconomique Au cours des deux dernières décennies, la productivité du travail au niveau agrégé et la rémunération réelle médiane du travail ont divergé dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE, ce qui signifie que les gains de productivité n’ont pas permis d’accroître la rémunération réelle du salarié médian. Cet article décrit quantitativement ce phénomène de découplage au cours des vingt dernières années et suggère qu’il s’explique à la fois par une baisse de la part de la rémunération dans la valeur ajoutée et du ratio entre le salaire médian et le salaire moyen (une mesure partielle de l’inégalité salariale). La part de la rémunération dans la valeur ajoutée a baissé dans les deux tiers des pays de l’OCDE pris en compte dans cette étude. Néanmoins, sa contribution au phénomène de découplage est moindre si on exclut les secteurs pour lesquels les évolutions de la part des rémunérations sont liées à des évolutions de prix d’actifs ou de matières premières ou à des imputations (secteur primaire, secteur immobilier et secteurs non marchands). Le ratio entre le salaire médian et le salaire moyen a baissé dans tous les pays de l’OCDE pris en compte dans cette étude, sauf deux. Cette évolution est liée à une évolution hors normes des salaires tout en haut de la distribution plutôt qu’à la stagnation du salaire médian. Des articles à venir analyseront plus en détail l’origine de ces phénomènes.

Suggested Citation

  • Cyrille Schwellnus & Andreas Kappeler & Pierre-Alain Pionnier, 2017. "Decoupling of wages from productivity: Macro-level facts," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1373, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1373-en
    DOI: 10.1787/d4764493-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Guschanski, Alexander & Onaran, Özlem, 2018. "The labour share and financialisation: Evidence from publicly listed firms," Greenwich Papers in Political Economy 19371, University of Greenwich, Greenwich Political Economy Research Centre.
    2. Giovanni DOSI & Maria Enrica VIRGILLITO, 2019. "Whither the evolution of the contemporary social fabric? New technologies and old socio‐economic trends," International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 158(4), pages 593-625, December.
    3. Dawid, H. & Harting, P. & Neugart, M., 2018. "Cohesion policy and inequality dynamics: Insights from a heterogeneous agents macroeconomic model," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 220-255.
    4. Matteo G. Richiardi & Luis Valenzuela, 2024. "Firm heterogeneity and the aggregate labour share," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 38(1), pages 66-101, March.
    5. Katya Klinova & Anton Korinek, 2021. "AI and Shared Prosperity," Papers 2105.08475, arXiv.org.
    6. Giovanni Dosi & Richard B Freeman & Marcelo C Pereira & Andrea Roventini & Maria Enrica Virgillito, 2021. "The impact of deunionization on the growth and dispersion of productivity and pay [It’s where you work: increases in the dispersion of earnings across establishments and individuals in the United S," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 30(2), pages 377-408.
    7. Hansa Jain, 2019. "Wage–Productivity Relationship in Indian Manufacturing Industries: Evidences from State-level Panel Data," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 13(3), pages 277-305, August.
    8. Ortega, Andrés & Otero-Iglesias, Miguel & Steinberg, Federico, 2018. "A globalisation challenge: Preventing a clash between the middle classes of the developed and emerging economies," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 12, pages 1-12.
    9. Antonelli, Cristiano & Feder, Christophe, 2020. "The new direction of technological change in the global economy," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1-12.
    10. Maria Celeste Gomez & Maria Enrica Virgillito, 2022. "Wages and productivity in Argentinian manufacturing. A structuralist and distributional firm-level analysis," LEM Papers Series 2022/37, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    11. Jasmine Mondolo, 2021. "Macroeconomic dynamics and the role of market power. The case of Italy," DEM Working Papers 2021/17, Department of Economics and Management.
    12. Jacopo Di Domenico & Alberto Russo, 2022. "Innovation, growth, and productivity appropriation. How the elites learned to stop worrying and love public debt," Working Papers 2022/12, Economics Department, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón (Spain).
    13. Jennifer Gee & Dario Pinello & Konstantinos Polymeros, 2017. "Drivers of Labor-Related Indicators across Diverse Mediterranean Fisheries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-16, November.
    14. Mondolo, Jasmine, 2020. "Macro and microeconomic evidence on investment, factor shares, firm and labor dynamics in Italy and in Trentino," MPRA Paper 99138, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Dosi, Giovanni & Virgillito, Maria Enrica & Yu, Xiaodan, 2020. "The wage-productivity nexus in the world factory economy," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    16. Fábio Neves & Pedro Campos & Sandra Silva, 2019. "Innovation and Employment: An Agent-Based Approach," Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, vol. 22(1), pages 1-8.
    17. Walter Paternesi Meloni & Antonella Stirati, 2023. "The decoupling between labour compensation and productivity in high‐income countries: Why is the nexus broken?," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 61(2), pages 425-463, June.
    18. N. Cordemans, 2019. "Inclusive growth: a new societal paradigm?," Economic Review, National Bank of Belgium, issue i, pages 29-50, June.
    19. Kiss, Aron & Van Herck, Kristine, 2019. "Short-Term and Long-Term Determinants of Moderate Wage Growth in the EU," IZA Policy Papers 144, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    20. Mondolo, Jasmine, 2021. "Macroeconomic dynamics and the role of market power. The case of Italy," MPRA Paper 110172, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 05 Oct 2021.
    21. Geoff Weir, 2018. "Wage Growth Puzzles and Technology," RBA Research Discussion Papers rdp2018-10, Reserve Bank of Australia.
    22. Randall Jones & Yosuke Jin, 2017. "Boosting productivity for inclusive growth in Japan," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1414, OECD Publishing.
    23. Walter Paternesi Meloni & Antonella Stirati, 2021. "What has driven the delinking of wages from productivity? A political economy-based investigation for high-income economies," Working Papers PKWP2104, Post Keynesian Economics Society (PKES).
    24. Orsetta Causa & Anna Vindics & Oguzhan Akgun, 2018. "An empirical investigation on the drivers of income redistribution across OECD countries," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1488, OECD Publishing.
    25. María Angélica Arbeláez & Alejandro Becerra & Miguel Benítez, 2021. "Contribución fiscal y tributación efectiva de la industria manufacturera en Colombia," Informes de Investigación 19143, Fedesarrollo.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    labour share; productivity; wage inequality;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D3 - Microeconomics - - Distribution
    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
    • E25 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution

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