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Money and Prices in Colonial America: A New Test of Competing Theories

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Author Info
Bennett T. McCallum

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Abstract

A long-standing but unsettled controversy concerning monetary experiences in colonial America has recently been reopened with considerable vigor. Ignoring doctrinal aspects, the main substantive issue concerns the relationship between money holdings and price levels during episodes in which various colonial governments issued paper currency (bills of credit) in large amounts. In several instances, large and rapid increases in the stock of outstanding paper currency led to negligible changes in price levels. But alternative interpretations are possible, since colonial money included specie as well as paper currency. According to the "quantity theory" or classical hypothesis, total money stock magnitudes did not rise sharply during the disputed episodes; instead, the sharp paper currency increases led to corresponding losses of specie--as suggested by standard commodi ty-money analysis. According to the "backing theory" or anti-classical hypothesis, by contrast, there was little specie present so money stock magnitudes could and did rise sharply (in percentage terms). This fundamental factual disagreement has eluded resolution because data on both stocks and flows of specie are almost nonexistent. The present study develops and applies a strategy for circumventing the unavailability of specie data by exploiting conflicting implications of the two hypotheses regarding magni tudes of real per capi ta holdings of paper currency, relative to normal real money balances, at dates of maximum paper issue. A major feature of the analysis is a new method for the estimation of normal real money holdings, one that relies on paper currency data for a few inflationary episodes.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 3383.

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Date of creation: May 1992
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Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:3383

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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Michener, Ronald, 1987. "Fixed exchange rates and the quantity theory in colonial America," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 233-307, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Bruce D. Smith, 1985. "American Colonial Monetary Regimes: The Failure of the Quantity Theory and Some Evidence in Favour of an Alternative View," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 18(3), pages 531-65, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Bennett T. McCallum, 1984. "The Role of Overlapping-Generations Models in Monetary Economics," NBER Working Papers 0989, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  4. West, Robert Craig, 1978. "Money in the Colonial American Economy," Economic Inquiry, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(1), pages 1-15, January.
  5. Thomas J. Sargent & Neil Wallace, 1981. "Some unpleasant monetarist arithmetic," Quarterly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, issue Fall. [Downloadable!]
  6. Calomiris, Charles W., 1988. "Institutional Failure, Monetary Scarcity, and the Depreciation of the Continental," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(01), pages 47-68, March. [Downloadable!]
  7. Barro, Robert J, 1974. "Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 82(6), pages 1095-1117, Nov.-Dec.. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Hanson, John R, II, 1979. "Money in the Colonial American Economy: An Extension," Economic Inquiry, Oxford University Press, vol. 17(2), pages 281-86, April.
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  1. Michael F. Sproul, 1997. "The Real Bills Doctrine: A Restatement," Macroeconomics 9711001, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  2. Michael Sproul, 1999. "Backed Money, Fiat Money and the Real Bills Doctrine," UCLA Economics Working Papers 789, UCLA Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  3. Ronald W. Michener and Robert E. Wright, 2006. "Miscounting Money of Colonial America," Econ Journal Watch, Atlas Economic Research Foundation, vol. 3(2), pages 4-44, May. [Downloadable!]
  4. Farley Grubb, 2003. "Two Theories of Money Reconciled: The Colonial Puzzle Revisited with New Evidence," Working Papers 03-03, University of Delaware, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  5. Michael F. Sproul, 2003. "There's No Such Thing As Fiat Money," UCLA Economics Working Papers 830, UCLA Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  6. Peter L. Rousseau, 2007. "Backing, the Quantity Theory, and the Transition to the U.S. Dollar, 1723-1850," NBER Working Papers 12835, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  7. Peter L. Rousseau, 2009. "Monetary Policy and the Dollar," Working Papers 0913, Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  8. Gary M. Pecquet & Clifford F. Thies, 2006. "Texas Treasury Warrants, 1861-1865: A Test Of The Tax-Backing Of Money," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 32(2), pages 191-203, Spring. [Downloadable!]
  9. Michael Sproul, 1998. "The Quantity Theory versus the Real Bills Doctrine in Colonial America," UCLA Economics Working Papers 775B, UCLA Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
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